Term
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Definition
everything around us, including living and nonliving things
Humans are part of the environment, not seperate from it |
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Term
| Pressures on the global environment |
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Definition
-Increasing human population and increasing per capita consumption exacerbate human impacts on the environment
-human activities such as industrial agriculture and fossil fuels lead to resource depletion, air and water pollution, climate change, habitat destruction, and biodiversity. |
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Definition
| living within the planet's means, such that the Earth's resources can sustain us and other species for the foreseeable future. |
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Term
| Sustainable development(the triple-bottom line) |
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Definition
| pursuing environmental, economic, and social goals in a coordinated way. |
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Term
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Definition
culture: ensemble of knowledge, beliefs, and values of a group of people
worldview: each person's perception of the world and his or her place within it. Belief about the meaning, operation, and essence of the world. |
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Definition
| society's domain of ethical concern has been expanding (i.e self--> all man-->all humans-->all species) |
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Definition
| value of humans above all else (think anthropology = study of HUMAN life) |
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Definition
| value of certain life/certain living things |
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Definition
| value of ecological systems and all they encompass |
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Definition
| preserving natural systems intact |
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Definition
| promoting responsible long term use of resources |
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Definition
| seeking equal treatment for people of all races and income levels |
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Term
| Classical Economic Theory |
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Definition
| individuals acting for their own economic good can benefit society as a whole (free-market capitalism) |
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Term
| Neoclassical Economic Theory |
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Definition
| focuses on consumer behavior and on supply and demand as forces that drive economic activity |
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| Conventional Economic Theory |
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Definition
| promotes never-ending economic growth with little regard to possible environmental impact |
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Definition
| advocates the reform of economic practices to promote sustainability. approaches include identifying external costs, assigning value to nonmonetary items, and attempting to make market prices reflect real costs and benefits |
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Definition
| Supports the same as Environmental economics AND others to develop a steady-state economy. |
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Definition
| Carbon based compounds which living things depend on |
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Definition
| from small to large: Atom->Molecule->Macromolecule->Organelle->Cell->Tissue->Organ->Organ System->Organism. |
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Definition
| the distribution and abundance of organisms, the interaction among them, and their interactions with their nonliving environments |
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Definition
| dramatic shift in dominant view (i.e earth is flat-> earth is round) |
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Definition
| people who predict doom and disaster for the world because of our impacts |
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Definition
| people who maintain that human ingenuity will see us through any difficulty |
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Definition
| Philosophical view that nature is divine |
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| Anthropocentrists that advocated conservation |
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Definition
| movement resting on the principles of "self-realization" and biocentric equality. self realization is the awareness that humans are inseperable from nature. |
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Definition
| patriarchal structure of society is a root cause of both social and environmental problems |
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Definition
| World convention that lead to a treaty that prohibits international export of waste. US has not ratified it. |
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Term
| Environmental Goods & Services |
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Definition
| services and resources that the Earth provides for us free of charge (i.e. pollination of crops, rainfall irrigation) |
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Definition
| Attempting to give a monetary price to things of aesthetic, cultural, or educational value (i.e putting a price tag on Yosemite) |
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Definition
Gross Domestic Product: the total MONETARY value of final goods and services of the economy
Genuine Product Indicator: the monetary value AND the nonmarket values(more accurate) |
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Definition
| the attempt to clean up pollution by enhancing natural processes of biodegradation by living organisms (i.e bacteria in the exxon valdez oil spill) |
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Term
| Basic Chemistry you probably know |
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Definition
| atoms, elements, neutrons, protons, electrions, molecules, atomic #, mass #, ions, isotopes, pH |
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Term
| Properties of Water that Facilitate Life |
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Definition
-Water exhibits strong cohesion which facilitates transport of chemicals like nutrients and waste in organisms
-Water can absorb large amounts of heat with only small temperature changes which stabilizes systems
-Ice is less dense than water, so ice floats above water bodies and insulates them.
-Polarity of water molecule helps to dissolve other chemicals into solutions |
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Definition
| energy of position, (i.e water being held by a dam has high potential energy) |
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Definition
| energy of motion (i.e water flowing fast out of a dam) |
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Definition
| energy stored in the bonds of atoms (i.e carbon-carbon bonds of petroleum energy) |
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Definition
First: Energy is conserved/stays constant within the universe
Second: Energy will go from a more ordered to a less ordered state. |
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Definition
| the cumulative body of fossils worldwide that are used to infer the history of past life on Earth. |
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Definition
| Favorable traits that enhance survival and reproduction are passed on more frequently, thus altering genetic makeup of populations over time. |
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Definition
| Selection that drives a feature in one direction rather than another (i.e. bigger beaks are favored) |
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Definition
| Selection that favors intermediate features, thus preserving the status quo (i.e. medium beaks are favored over small and large) |
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Definition
| Traits at extreme ends are favored over those in the middle (i.e. small and large beaks are favored over those in the middle) |
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Definition
| species formation due to physical separation of populations over some geographic distance. |
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Definition
| species formation due to reproductive isolation within the same geographic area (i.e. plants that release pollen at different seasons) |
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Definition
| Species native to a single area (i.e. frogs of the Costa Rica cloud forests) |
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Definition
| Organism->Population->Community->Ecosystem->Biosphere |
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Definition
| the living and nonliving elements that elements around a species |
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Definition
| a species' use of resources and its functional role in a community |
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Term
| Specialists vs. Generalists |
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Definition
Specialists are species with very narrow breadth and specific requirements
Generalists are species with broad tolerances and and adaptability to different habitats. |
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Definition
| Number of individuals in a population per unit area |
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Definition
the spatial arrangement of organisms within an area
(random, uniform, or clumped) |
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Definition
| graphs that depict how the likelihood of death varies with age |
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Term
| Population Growth Calculation |
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Definition
| (crude birth rate + immigration rate) - (crude death rate + emigration rate) |
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Definition
| physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the environment that restrain population growth |
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Definition
| the maximum population size of a species that a given environment can sustain |
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Definition
| ability to produce offspring |
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Definition
| Fewer offspring but give them more care and attention (humans, giraffes, tigers, etc) |
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Definition
| Many more offspring but less care and attention (fish, insects, frogs, etc) |
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Definition
| visitation of natural areas for for tourism and recreation |
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Term
| Fundamental Niche v. Realized Niche |
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Definition
Fundamental niche is the full role of that an organism might theoretically play.
Realized niche is the actual portion of the fundamental niche that the organism fills |
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| Competition (intra v inter) |
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Definition
| When multiple organisms of the same species(intraspecific) or of different species(interspecific) compete for the same limited resource. |
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Definition
| the process by which individuals of one species hunt capture kill and consume individuals of another species(predator->prey) |
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Definition
| process by which species will specialize to minimize competition |
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Definition
| An organisms rank in the food hierarchy |
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Definition
| relationship in which One organism benefits, the other is harmed |
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Definition
| relationship in which both organisms are benefited |
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Definition
| relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected |
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Definition
| relationship in which one organism is unaffected and one is negatively impacted |
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Definition
| Species that has a strong or wide-reaching impact far out of proportion to its abundance |
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Definition
| predictable series of changes that follow an area which has been eliminated of all or most species in the community |
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Definition
| species that arrive first and colonize the new substrate |
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Definition
| non native species that is introduced to a community and outcompetes native species. |
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Definition
| the sum total of all organisms in an area taking into account the diversity of species, their genes, their populations, and their communities |
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Definition
| number or variety of species in a particular region |
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Definition
| differences among a population of DNA composition |
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Definition
| disappearance of a particular species in a particular region but not globally. |
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Definition
Farther an island from a continent, the fewer species colonize(distance effect)
Larger the island, the more species colonize, (target size)
Larger the island, the fewer species go extinct (differential extinction) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1973, forbids actions that destroy endangered species or their habitats and forbids the trade of products that do the same. |
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Term
| Umbrella Species v Flagship Species |
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Definition
Umbrella Species are species that, by helping to protect, we in turn protect many other species
Flagship Species are species that conservationists select to be the face of overall conservation efforts (i.e. Panda) |
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Term
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Definition
| areas that support an especially great number of species that are endemic |
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Term
| Community-Based Conservation |
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Definition
| active engagement of local people in efforts to protect land and wildlife in their own backyards |
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Term
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Definition
| drive an extreme further and further in one direction (i.e. human population growth) |
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Definition
| an extreme triggers a resulting opposite extreme to neutralize/stabilize the effect (i.e. thermostats) |
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Term
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Definition
Lithosphere-rock sediment surrounding planet
Atmosphere-air surrounding planet
Hydrosphere-water (salt and fresh) surrounding planet
Biosphere-all living organisms and the nonliving environment with which they interact |
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Term
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Definition
| process of nutrient overenrichement, blooms of algae, increased production of organic matter, and subsequent ecosystem degradation |
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Definition
| transitional zone where ecosystems meet |
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Definition
| condition of extremely low dissolved oxygen concentrations in a body of water |
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Term
| Rock Cycles, Hydrologic Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Phosphorus Cycle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a complex plant-supporting system, it IS a renewable resource |
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| Causes of Soil Degradation |
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Definition
-Industrialization
-Overgrazing
-Deforestation
-Cropland Agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
| biologically powered by humans and animals with simple tools. Low-yielding (enough to just support the family or to sell and make income) |
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Definition
| boosted yields with machinery and synthetic fertilizers |
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Definition
| the physical, chemical, and biological break down of rocks and minerals into soil. |
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Definition
| the dislodging and movement of soil from one area to another. |
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Definition
| dark, spongey, crumbly mass of material made up by complex organic compounds |
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Definition
| the process by which solid particles suspended or dissolved in liquid are transported to another location |
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Definition
| loss of more than 10% productivity due to erosion, soil compaction, forest removal, overgrazing, or other factors. |
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Term
| Protection of Soil Degradation |
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Definition
Contour Farming-prevents rills and gullies
Terracing-cultivates hilly lands for farming
Intercropping-slows erosion by providing more ground cover
Shelterbelts-prevent wind erosion
Reduced tillage-reduces erosion from conventional tilling |
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Definition
| when the water table rises to the point that water bathes plant roots, essentially suffocating them |
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Definition
| the buildup of salts in surface soil layers |
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Term
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Definition
| Impact =Population x Affluence x Technology x (Sensitivity) |
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Definition
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Definition
| the average number of children born per female member of a population during her lifetime |
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Definition
| both death rates and birth rates are high |
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Definition
| declining death rates due to increased food and better healthcare but birth rates remain high. (this is where population really increases most) |
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Definition
| death rates remain low, and new economic conditions/empowerment of women leads to drop in birth rates |
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Definition
| Birth and death rates plateau at a stable low level |
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Definition
| the guarantee of an adequate food supply available to all people at all times |
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Term
| Overnutrition v. Undernourishment v. Malnourishment |
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Definition
overnutrition=people are fatasses
undernourishment=not enough food(less than 90% of required caloric intake)
malnourishment=shortage of necessary vitamins and minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| large expanses of a single crop type-->increased yield but decreased biodiversity |
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Definition
| artificial things that kill pests |
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Definition
| battling pests and weeds with organisms that eat or infect them. |
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Definition
| integrated pest management: numerous techniques are used to achieve long-term suppression of pests. |
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Definition
| process by which scientists directly manipulate an organisms genetic material. |
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Definition
| DNA that has been patched together from DNA of multiple organisms. |
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Definition
| genes that have moved between organisms artificially |
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Definition
| institutions that keep seeds to preserve genetic diversity |
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Definition
| huge warehouses designed to deliver energy rich food to animals at extremely high densities. |
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Definition
| the raising of aquatic organisms for food in controlled environments |
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Definition
| agriculture that does not deplete soils faster than they form |
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Definition
| food growing practices that use no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides but instead rely on biological process (like biocontrol and composting) |
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