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| Belief that dead ancestors can influence one's fortunes in life. Those who practice often conduct rituals and ceremonies to the memory or remains of their ancestors. |
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| People who, by as early as 2000 B.C.E., began to explore and settle islands of the Pacific Ocean basin. |
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| Mysterious but very popular South American religion (1000--300 B.C.E.). |
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| Society from New Guinea to Tonga (1500-500 B.C.E.) with agricultural villages, networks of trade and communication, and hierarchical chiefdoms. |
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| Brilliant Central American society (300-1100) known for math, astronomy, and a sophisticated written language. |
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| Pre-Incan South American society (300-700) known for their brilliant ceramics. |
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| Early Central American society (1200-100 B.C.E.) that centered around sites at San Lorenzo, La Venta, and Tres Zapotes and that influenced later Maya. |
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| Central American society (200 B.C.E.-750 C.E.); its Pyramid of the Sun was the largest structure in Mesoamerica. |
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| Maya political center from the fourth through the ninth centuries. |
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| Early Olmec center (800-400 B.C.E.). |
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| Peninsula in Central America, home of the Maya. |
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| The teachings of Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) compiled by his disciples. |
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| Philosophy, based on the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Kong Fuzi (551-479 B.C.E.), or Confucius, that emphasizes order, the role of the gentleman, obligation to society, and reciprocity. |
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| Key element in Chinese philosophy that means the "way of nature" or the "way of the cosmos." |
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| Chinese philosophy with origins in the Zhou dynasty; it is associated with legendary philosopher Laozi, and it called for a policy of inaction. |
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| Chinese dynasty that ruled an expanding empire with a large bureaucracy based upon Legalist and Confucian values. The empire taxed agriculture and trade and raised large armies to colonize Vietnam, Korea, and the Xiongnu territory. |
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| Chinese philosophy from the Zhou dynasty that called for harsh suppression of the common people. |
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| Confucian concept, a sense of propriety. |
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| System of social organization in which males dominate the family and where public institutions, descent, and succession are traced through the male line. |
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| Chinese dynasty (221-207 B.C.E.) that was founded by Qin Shihuangdi and was marked by the first unification of China and the early construction of defensive walls. |
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| The Confucian value of propriety, courtesy, respect, and deference to elders. |
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| Daoist concept of a disengagement from the affairs of the world. |
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| Capital city of Qin empire. |
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| Confucian concept of respect for one's parents and ancestors. |
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| A revolt against the land distribution policies of the Han dynasty (25-220 C.E.). |
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| A compendium of Daoist philosophy. |
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| Religion, based on Four Noble Truths, associated with Siddhartha Gautama (563--483 B.C.E.), or the Buddha; its adherents desired to eliminate all distracting passion and reach nirvana. |
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| The "way of the warrior," the code of conduct of the Japanese samurai that was based on loyalty and honor. |
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| Most popular branch of Buddhism in China, with an emphasis on intuition and sudden flashes of insight instead of textual study. |
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| Hindu concept of obedience to religious and moral laws and order. |
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| Project that integrated the economies of northern and southern China. |
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| Philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought; most important of the early Neo-Confucianists was the Chinese thinker Zhu Xi (1130-1200). |
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| Buddhist concept of a state of spiritual perfection and enlightenment in which distracting passions are eliminated. |
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| A Japanese warrior who lived by the code of bushido. |
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| Indigenous Japanese religion that emphasizes purity, clan loyalty, and the divinity of the emperor. |
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| Japanese military leader who ruled in place of the emperor. |
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| Chinese dynasty (960-1279) that was marked by an increasingly urbanized and cosmopolitan society. |
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| Dynasty (589-618) that constructed Grand Canal, reunified China, and allowed for the splendor of the Tang dynasty that followed. |
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| Literary work of ancient Japan, written by Murasaki Shikibu. |
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| Chinese emperor (r. 627-649) who founded the Tang dynasty (618-907). |
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| Seventh-century Chinese monk who made a famous trip to India to collect Buddhist texts. |
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| Southeast Asian Khmer kingdom (889-1432) that was centered around the temple cities of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat. |
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| Indian movement that attempted to transcend the differences between Hinduism and Islam. |
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| Social class system in which distinctions and restrictions on marriage, occupation, handling of food, and other matters are transferred through generations or through class. The term usually refers to the social system of India. |
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| Indian, Persian, and Arab ships, one hundred to four hundred tons, that sailed and traded throughout the Indian Ocean basin. |
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| Main religion of India, a combination of Dravidian and Aryan concepts; Hinduism's goal is to reach spiritual purity and union with the great world spirit; its important concepts include dharma, karma, and samsara. |
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| Indian word for a Hindu subcaste. |
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| Islamic mystics who placed more emphasis on emotion and devotion than on strict adherence to rules. |
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| Islamic state in northern India established by Mahmud's successors in 1206 C.E. that began to establish the presence of Islam on the Indian subcontinent. |
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| Hindu god, preserver of the world, who was often incarnated as Krishna. |
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| The capital of the Carolingian Empire. |
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| Early Christian heresy that centered around teaching of Arius (250-336 C.E.) and contained the belief that Jesus was a mortal human being and not coeternal with God; Arianism was the focus of Council of Nicaea. |
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| Grant from a lord to a vassal, usually consisting of land, which supported the vassal and signified the relationship between the two. |
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| Royal clan established by Charlemagne, who expanded the Carolingian Empire into Spain, Bavaria, and Northern Italy. |
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| Germanic dynasty that was named after its most famous member, Charlemagne. |
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| Religion emerging from Middle East in the first century C.E. holding Jesus to be the son of God who sacrificed himself on behalf of mankind. |
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| Leader of the Franks whose conversion to Roman Christianity resulted in the Frankish conversion to Christianity. |
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| Germanic people who controlled Gaul following Roman decline and collapse. |
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| Device of the sixth century permitting the turning of heavy northern soils, rotating crops, and increased agricultural production. |
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| Central and western European kingdom created at the Treaty of Verdun in in 843 and lasting until 1806. |
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| Hungarian invaders who raided towns in Germany, Italy, and France in the ninth and tenth centuries. |
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| Large estates of the nobles during the European middle ages, home for the majority of the peasants. |
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| Peasants who, while not chattel slaves, were tied to the land and who owed obligation to the lords on whose land they worked. |
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| The attack and systematic killing of Cathars, a religious group accused of heresy, in southern France. |
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| Early French dynasty that started with Hugh Capet. |
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| Medieval heretics, also known as the Albigensians, who considered the material world evil; their followers renounced wealth and marriage and promoted an ascetic existence. |
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| Schools organized by bishops and archbishops in France and northern Italy whose liberal arts curricula often offered instruction in law, medicine, and theology. |
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| European medieval concept, a code of conduct for the knights based on loyalty and honor. |
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| Campaigns by Christian knights to seize the holy lands that led to trade with Muslims and the importation of Muslim ideas regarding science and mathematics. |
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| A grant of land from a lord to a vassal. |
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| Socially significant groups of craftspeople who regulated the production, sale, and quality of manufactured goods. |
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| Association of trading cities in northern Europe linked by major rivers to the Mediterranean. |
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| Device of the sixth century permitting the turning of heavy northern soils, rotating crops, and increased agricultural production. |
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| Central and western European kingdom created at the Treaty of Verdun in in 843 and lasting until 1806. |
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| One aspect of the medieval European church versus state controversy, the granting of church offices by a lay leader. |
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| Monotheistic religion of the prophet Muhammad (570-632); influenced by Judaism and Christianity, Muhammad was considered the final prophet because the earlier religions had not seen the entire picture; the Qu'ran is the holy book of Islam. |
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| Revered artifacts from saints that inspired pilgrimages to cities such as Rome, Compostela, and Jerusalem. |
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| Christian rite mediating or symbolizing divine grace. |
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| Divide that occurs between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in 1054 as a result of political tensions and ritual and doctrinal differences. |
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| Medieval attempt of thinkers like St. Thomas Aquinas to merge the beliefs of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy. |
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| New capital built by Peter the Great in 1703. Known as the "window on the west," the city served as headquarters for the navy and government. |
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