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| People who supported ending slavery. British abolitionists wanted to end the transatlantic slave trade in 1808 and slavery in 1834. US abolitionists were a cause of the Civil War. |
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| Theory popular in France and other early European monarchies that royal power should be free of constitutional chacks. |
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| Women selected by Inca authorities to serve in religious centers as weavers and religious participants. |
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| Port city in Yemen. A major center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. |
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| African National Congress |
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| Organization founded in 1912 dedicated to obtaining civil rights for blacks in South Africa. |
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| City in Egypt founded by Alexander. Became capital of Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemies. Contained Library and Museum. Traded with Mediterranean and Indian Ocean. |
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| Political organization in India in 1906 to defend the interests of Indian Muslim minorities. 1940, demanded a separate state, Pakistan. |
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| African kingdom on Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. |
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| Second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (military ruler). |
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| Name for Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. Became economic powers in the 70s and 80s. |
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| Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. Executed by Spanish. |
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| Network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. |
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| Theory justifying strong, centralized rule. Leader did not rely on aristocracy or clergy. |
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| Andean lineage group or kin-based community. |
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| Largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. Capital of King Hammurabi and Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar. |
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| Policy in international relations where by 18th century, the major European powers acted together to prevent one of them from being too powerful. |
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| Statement by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring establishment of Jewish national homeland in Palestine. |
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| Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, largely descendants of people that fought for the founders of the empire. |
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| Collective name for the large group of Sub-Saharan African languages and of peoples speaking these languages. |
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| Fort that was the HQ of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia, today Jakarta. |
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| US naval victory over Japanese fleet in 1942, which Japanese lost four of their best naval carriers. Turning point of WWII. |
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| Called bu German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to set rules for the partition of Africa. Led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. |
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| Most important Indian sacred literature. Dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and Krishna on the duty and the fate of the spirit. |
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| Outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa and Europe in the mid-14the century. |
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| Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, they seized power in 1917 during the Russian Revolution. |
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| Office established in succession to Muhammad to rule the Islamic Empire. (Abbasid, Sokoto and Ummayad) |
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| Economic system of large financial institutions - banks, stock exchanges, investment companies - first developed in early modern Europe. |
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| Small, maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Potuguese and Spanish exploring the Atlantic. |
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| City in Tunisia founded by Phoenicians. Major commercial and naval power in western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in 3rd century. |
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| Rebellion of Mayans against Mexican governemnt 1847. Nearly returned Yucatan to Mayan rule. |
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| Reform movement within the Larin Christian Church in response to the Protestant Reformation. Clarified Catholiv theology and reformed clergical training and discipline. |
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| Quick-growing rice that allowed two harvests in one season. Introduced into Champa from India and later sent to China as a tribute gift from Champa. |
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| Capital of Zhou kingdom and Qin and early Han. Features imitated in cities and towns in Han Empire. |
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| groups of private investors that paid annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade in West Indies colonies. |
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| Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel often American made 19th century. Rigged with vast canvas sails. |
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| Struggle between communism and capitalism for world influence. SU and US came to brink of was during Cuban missile crisis, but never attacked. Ended when SU dissolved in 1991. |
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| Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish order after defeat of Napoleon I. |
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| Constitutional Convention |
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| 1787 meeting to write the US Constitution. |
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| Theory that began early modern England and spread everywhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. |
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| Agreement binding a person to work for a number of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. |
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| Russians who lived outside farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries or outlaws. Led the conquest of Siberia in 16th and 17th centuries. |
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| Colonial Spanish America, someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, non-native people. |
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| Institution resposible for supervising Spain's colonies in Americas from 1524 to early 18th century. |
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| Conflict between Russian and Ottmoan Empires fought in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. |
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| Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. They brought an end to Europe's centuries of cultural and intellectual isolation. |
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| Cuban missile crisis (1962) |
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| Almost-war confrontation over SU's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. |
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| Cultural Revolution (China) |
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| Campaign ordered by Mao Zedong to purge Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation. |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789) |
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| Statement of fundamental political rights by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. |
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| Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) |
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| Centralized Indian empier of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. |
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| "Selection" in Turkish. System by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottomans to serve as Janissaries. |
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| small to moderately-sized ship used in the western Indian Ocean with triangular sail and timber hull. |
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| War waged by the Argentine military against leftist groups. Characterized by illegal imprisonment, torture and executions by military. |
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| Grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. Provided grant holder with cheap labor and payment of good by Ameriandians. |
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| France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: Clergy, nobles and commoners. Calling of Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. |
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| Chinese class of prosperous families, below rural aristocrats, which the emperors drew administrative personnel. |
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| Mongol Khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. Based in southern Russia and adopted Turkic language and Islam. |
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| 1,100 mile waterway linking Yellow River and Yangzi River. Begun in the Han period and completed during Sui. |
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| Network of Atlantic Ocean trade routed between Europe, Africa and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system. |
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| Division in Western Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when the rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. |
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| Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. Later headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an authoritarian movement. |
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| Economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded 1241, most powerful in the 14th century. |
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| Era which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. Ended with the fall of the last Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted. |
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| Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland by the SU and western European countries. |
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| Last in series of descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In conclusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time. |
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| City in Japan first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb in 1945. Hastened the end of WWII. |
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| People from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. |
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| Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods eho fought the phalanx formation. Hoplite armies - consisting of militias comprised of middle- and upper-class citizens - were superior to all other military forces for centuries. |
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| Elected Assembly in colonial Virginia in 1618. |
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| European scholars, writers and teachers associated with the study of humaanities influential in the 15th century and later. |
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| Hundred Years War (1337 - 1453) |
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| Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. |
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| "Secondary" or "peripheral" khna based in Persia. The Il-khans' khanate founded by Hulegu, Gengis Khan's grandson. Controlled much of Iran and Iraq. |
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| Migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for four to seven years. |
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| Elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed of British men, slowly included Indians. |
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| Movement and political party founded in 1865 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Led by Gandhi and appealed to the poor, organized protests for self-government and independence. |
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| Indian Ocean maritime system |
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| Premodern times, network of seaports, trade routes and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia. |
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| Alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples that decided on military and diplomatic issues. Allied with the Dutch and English. |
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| Radical republicans during the French Revolution. Led by Maximilien Robespierre 1794-94. |
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| Islamic doctrine of expanding effort in a pious cause, sometimes referring to holy war. |
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| Large flatbottom ship produced in the Song and Tang, designed for long-distance travel. |
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| First of Japan's decentralized military governments. |
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| Idea that the government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. |
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| International organization founded 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but weakened by US not joining. |
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| Chinese political philosophy that emphasized unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. |
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| Political ideology emphasizing civil rights of citizens, representative government and protection of private property. Derived from Enlightenment and popular in Europe and US. |
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| Unsuccessful attempt by British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with Qing. |
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| Epic chronicling leading up to cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. |
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| "Great Vehicle" Buddhism followed in China, Japan and Central Asia. Focuses on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who postponed Nirvana to help others reach Enlightenment. |
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| Under Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of Abbasid Caliphate. They founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria. |
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| Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. |
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| Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after WWI, to be administered under League of Nations supervisions. |
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| In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire |
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| Political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, which young leaders set Japan on the path to centralization, industrialization and imperialism. |
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| European government policies in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and get precious metals by requiring colonies only to trade with their motherland country. British system fined by the Navigation Acts. |
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| Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religions organizations. |
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| Hindu concept of the sprit's "liberation" from the endless cycle of rebirths. |
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| French Revolutionary assembly. First Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. Passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man. |
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| Policy proclaimed by Lenin in 1924 to encourage revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Stalin nded the NEP and replaced it with Five-Year Plans. |
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| Late 19th and 20th century wave of conquests by Europe, US and Japan followed by exploitation of territories. |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
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| Formed 1949 as military alliance of western European and US states against SU amd its east European allies. |
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| War between Britain and Qing caused by Qing's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. Victorious British made one-sided Nanking Treaty. |
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| Ship canal cut across isthmus of Panama by US Army engineers; opened in 1915. Shortened voyage between east and west coasts of America. |
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| Conflict between Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that convulsed most of the Greek world. Largely consequence of Athenian imperialism. |
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| Between Greek city-states and Persian Empire, ranging from Ionian Revolt to defeat of Xerxes' invasion of Greece by Hellenic League. |
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| During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained and financed the combatants. |
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| English Protestant dissenters who believed God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. Founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 |
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| Member of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. Mughal emperor drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess. |
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| Democratic and nationalist revolutions that spread across Europe. French monarch overthrown. Austria, Germany, Italy, Hungary failed. |
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| Trading company chartered by English government in 1672 to conduct merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. |
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| Iranian Empire, est. ca. 226. Established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. |
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| Philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotlean philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the 13th century. |
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| Intellectual movement in Europe. Associated with planetary motions and physics, by 17th century laid the groundwork for science. |
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| Wave of conquest in Africa by European powers in the 1880s-90s. Britain had most of east Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Others (Germany, Portugal, Italy and Spain) had less. |
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| Soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British. |
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| Revolt of Indian soldiers against certain practices that violated religious customs. |
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| Indian religion founded by guru Nanak. After Mughal emperor ordered to behead the ninth guru, Sikh warriors mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. |
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| Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Japan. |
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| Political ideology originated in Europe in 1830s. Advocated government protection of wprkers from exploitation by property owners amd government ownership of industries. Led to founding of socialist or labor parties in Europe in late 19th century. |
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| Large Muslim state founded in 1809 in now Nigeria. |
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| Distinguished for advances in technology, medicine, astronomy and mathematics. |
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| State on Indonesian island Sumatra, amassed wealth and power by adaptations of Indian technologies and concepts, control of trade routes between India and China. |
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| Reinvented by James Watt, later applied to machinery, railroad equipment and factories. |
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| Most destructive civil war before 12th century. Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple Qing. |
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| Unified China and part of Central Asia, capital Chang'an. |
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| "Restructuring" reforms in 19th century Ottoman rulers, intending to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make military bureaucracy more efficient. |
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| "Way of the Elders" Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Remains close to original principles of Buddha; downplays importance of gods and emphasizes austerity and individuals search for enlightenment. |
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| Beijing where students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 89. Crushed by Chinese military. |
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| Last of three shogunates in Japan. |
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| trans-Saharan caravan routes |
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| Trading network linking North Africa eith sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara. |
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| Ended the Opium War. Gave Britain large indemnity from Qing, denied Qing government tariff control over some of its borders, opened additional ports of residece to British and ceded Hong Kong to Britain. |
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| Treaty of Versailles (1919) |
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Definition
| Imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, US and other Allied Powers after WWI. Demanded Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. Resented by many Germans. |
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| In Han, system where East and Southeast Asian countries not under direct control of empires based in China were tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of Chinese emperors in exchange for trading rights or strategic alliances. |
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| Foreign policy by US president Harry Truman un 1947. Offered military aid to help Turkey and Greece reist Soviet military pressure and subversion. |
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| Muslim religious scholars. Primary interpreters of Islamic law and social core of the Muslim urban societies. |
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| Community of all Muslims. |
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| International Organization founded 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. Replaced League of Nations. |
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| Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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| 1946 UN covenant binding signatory nations to the observats of specified rights. |
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| Conflict pitting North Vietnam and South Vietnamese communist guerrillas against the South Vietnamese government, aided after 1961 by US. |
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| Line of trenches and fortifications in WWI that stretched from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, and France and Britain. |
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| Women's Rights Convention |
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| 1848 gathering of women angered by their exclusion from an international antislavery meeting. Met at Seneca Falls to discuss women's rights. |
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| Agency of the UN that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion and debt consolidation. |
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| International body established in 1995 to foster and bring order to international trade. |
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| Took over Shang and created Mandate of Heaven to justify rule. |
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| Large pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. Associated with religious functions in Mesopotamian societies. |
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