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| slaves rebelled under his leadership in 1791 |
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| priest who called for help from the American Indians and mestizos of this region in 1810 |
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| Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador were united under this until 1830 |
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| Joao VI's son who declarde Brazil's independence |
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| Mestizo general of Peru and Bolivia |
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| independent leaders who dominated local areas by force and sometimes seized the national government itself |
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| stated clearly that any attempt by a European power to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United states (1823) |
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| coffee estates in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo that began to spread toward the interior as new lands were opened |
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| left a bitter legacy of distrust of the northern neighbor |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo |
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| where the U.S. acquired of Mexico's national territory but less than 5% of it's population |
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| in Argentina the people mobilized by the force and personality of this leader |
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| entered into a period of prosperity and growth under a series of liberal presidents |
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| intelligent president (1811-1888) who initiated a wide series of political reforms and economic measures designed to bring progress to Argentina; archetype of the liberal reformersof the mid-century |
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| held out the promise that any society could move toward a brighter future by following the path taken earlier by western Europe |
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| emerged in 1960s where Latin America began to argue that developement and underdevelopment were not stages but part of the same process |
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| king of naples and sicily, and later on Spain |
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| Creole officer at the head of an army that had been sent to eliminate the insurgents, drew up an agreement with them instead, and the combined forces of independence |
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| under his reign, another movement came to be in Rio de Plata; emerged as a military commander willing to speak and act for independence |
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| Dr. Jose Rodriguez de Francia |
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| first leader of Paraguay following the independence of Spain |
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| a belief that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast |
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| wanted to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers |
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| bird droppings deposited as fertilizer and earned Peru more than 10 million, allowed American indian tribute to abolish slavery by conmpensating the owners |
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| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna |
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| bands of mounted rural workers |
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| Austrian archduke who was convinced to take the throne of Mexico |
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| one of juarez's generals who was elected president and dominated policies the next 35 years. suppressed regional rebellions and imposed strong centralized government |
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| set the tone for Mexico while the government suppressed any political opposition to the policies |
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| opened the door to direct U.S. involvement in the Caribbean |
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| autonomous government that claimed to rule Ferdinand's name after he was deposited |
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| wealthy Creole office who emerged as the leader of the revolt against Spain and won victories in Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador |
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| Portuguese king who lived in Brazil and ruled his empire from there. Gave throne to son. Turned Rio de Janeiro into an imperial city |
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| wanted tax and commercial policies to be set by regional governments |
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| stressing observation and a scientific approach to the problems of society |
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| a remarkable engineering feat and a fitting symbol of the technological and industrial strength of the U.S. |
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