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The human 3.5 million years ago |
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| The End of the Ice Age at 12,000 BCE caused many changes like... |
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| Large areas of N. America, Europe, and Asia became habitable; 3000 BCE Green Sahara dried up; N. America seeds to forests; people started to settle near plant life; milder conditions |
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| The human population grew from 2 mill. during Ica Age to 50-100 mill. by 1,000 BCE because |
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| More useable land available |
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| skin color, race, quantity of body hair |
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| Who was Lucy and what were her characteristics? |
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Australopithecus found in Africa. - Bipedalism - Sizeable brain - Larynx- voice box |
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| hominid, homo habilis (used crude stone tools), homo erectus (upright, first to migrate, clothed), homo sapien (wise human, social groups, semi-perm. buildings) |
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| Out of Africa vs. Multiregional Thesis |
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| Started in Africa and migrated vs. all developed independently |
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| first period of prehistory, tool use seperates hominids from ancestors |
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Old Stone Age 10,000 to 2.3 mill. years ago |
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Use of crude tools natural shelters warfare clothes from hides, later plant fibers and dying families, clans, and tribes formed select sexual partners and long term bonds |
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New Stone Age 5,000- 10,000 years ago |
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| Nature of many changes during Stone Age |
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| Great Ice Age- Pleistocene Ice Age |
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Middle Stone Age 10,000- 12,000 years ago Lack of info. and diff. to generalize |
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| Westerncentric meaning of a civilization |
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Definition
food w/ surplus in. population specialization of labor social hierarchy in. trade religious/ political authority monumnetal buildings written records technical innovation- the arts |
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| World Historian meaning of a civilization |
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Definition
interaction of humans in creative manner cultural and material build |
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food surplus ad. cities ad. technology skilled workers complex institutions- religion, gov. system of writing |
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| What is the most common source of change: connection/diffusion vs. independent invention? |
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Definition
| Connection/diffusion b/c of interaction |
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Definition
| small group of people traveling b/c of climate and food |
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Term
| Foraging Society characterisitcs |
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Definition
| no perm. shelters, mammals, fished, gathered, some had cheifs/leaders, worshipped deities, bured dead, expression through art (flute), gender division of labor |
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| Pastoral Society Characteristics |
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| mountain regions, insufficeint rainfall, small scale agri. and milking, ext. family imp., women few rights, men contolled food produc., power based on size of herd, seasonal migration, began expir. with plants/seeds |
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Definition
| belief in multi. gods, afterlife (matter neither created nor destoyed), animism, anthropologists needed control over fate so pettitioned gods |
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| Neolithic Revolution/ Agricultural Revolution |
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Definition
8000-3000 BCE From nomadic, to agricultural, to town, to city domesticated animals and simple tools gov. and relig. emerged to keep order calenders, pottery, baskets, storehouses domestication of dog then goat irrigation, mixing crop types fermentation of alcoholic bev. wheel, sails for boats |
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| Neolithic Revolution Issue |
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Definition
| shared land vs. ownership |
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Definition
| time to make tools, dig irrigation ditch, individualize labor |
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Regional food Central Africa Americas India |
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plantains, bananas, yams maize, beans, squash millet, barley |
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Major Cities Jordan River Turkey China |
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Hard Grnite stones were used mainly for |
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farm tools plow allowed food surplus |
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3500-3000 BCE from cpper/ tin combined |
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1500-1200 BCE Start Hittites |
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| 4000 BCE bronze, copper; wheel; irrigation; great traders; |
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first writing created by Sumerians stylus |
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| Mesopotamia Number System |
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Definition
Based on 60- movement of heavenly bodies Used for navigation and time |
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First epic in Mesopotamia Great flood story About King's quest to achieve immortality |
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unpred. flooding- need for gov. and irrigation city-states conflicts over water/land rights |
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| Center of controlled city that also controls surrounding land (like farms) |
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| Who spread the Summarian culture? |
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Lack of natural barries-invasions! Built defensive walls. |
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First written law code - Diff. rules for gender/social class - very harsh, favored upper class - consistent set of regulations, not decided by a ruler |
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| Who ruled Mesopotamia after 900 BCE? |
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Summerian word for great man King-like figure |
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Mesopotamia Social Structure |
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Ruled by elite, preists farmed by slaves- could purchase freedom woem wearing veils by 1600 BCE |
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men could sell wives/children for debts |
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| Women could gain power by |
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| courts, priestesses, scribes, small bussiness |
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| Who got pyramids? Describe pyramids. |
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Pharaohs. Decorated with colorful paintings |
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| Egyptian Book of the Dead |
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| what happened to soul, how to reach happy |
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| Bronze tools and weapons were used after |
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| Kushites introduced ---- to Egyptians |
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| Egypt had some trade with |
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form of writing made trade contracts with Meso. |
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| Egypt's geography allowed |
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| them to create a unique civilization b/c protected |
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| Egyptians were less urban than |
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Definition
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Amazing facts about Egyptians |
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Definition
| had calendar, medicine, math, astronomy |
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Egypt State This lead to organization/government |
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Definition
| annual overflowing of Nile (predictable) |
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| The pharaoh was the living |
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| Egyptian ruler of first dynasty who united upper and lower Egypt |
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| new capital of Egypt after united |
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2040- 1640 BCE time period where culturally dynamic |
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1500 BCE Egypt regrouped after invasion of Hyksos and flourished focused on military |
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| in control of foreign invaders- internal disorder, invasions |
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| social classes, but could rise in social status, patriarchal |
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| Egpyt was patriarchal but |
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women had some privileges - regents of young rulers/ priestesses - managed finances/ edu. of child - could divorce/ alimony - own prop. - Queen Hatshepsut |
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| 2500 BCE- Indus River- Pakistan |
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| streets laid out on precise grib, houses running water/sewage, trade w/ Indus valley and Sumer, large- size of France, unbanized, writing not understood |
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| Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro |
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| two greatest cities of Indus, tightly unifired, controlled everything |
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| Harappan society dying out b/c |
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Definition
| river change, earthquake, erosion of soil, salt in wells |
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Dravidians- egalitarian Aryans- based on skin color not as patriarchal Aryans controlled politically, but Dravidians culturally |
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| Shang- Huang He valley- Yellow River Culture |
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Definition
| Isolated by deserts, mnts., seas, unpred. flooding, some trade, Shang Dynasty, palaces/tombs for emperors, writing- oracle bones, myth of Xia dynasty |
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| Shang had some trade with |
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1766-1122 - knowledge of bronze metallurgy - strengthened shang war machine - 1000 BCE Iron Working - Fortune telling and ancestor worship |
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Oracle bones question inscribed in bone/shell (shoulder) and heated Cracks represented a yes or no answer |
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questioned weather is existed before Shang Dynasty |
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| a succession of rulers who belong to the same family for generations. |
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| dynasties, walled cities, trad. of central authority, began as small agricultural cities along Yellow River |
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| irrigation/flood-control porjects |
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| Zhou b/c mandate of heaven |
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| If Zhou governed wisely and fairly he could gain |
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Definition
divine rule - warrior aristocracy |
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N./W. neighbors- barbarians expanded empire |
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| Yellow River Social Structure |
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Definition
stratified- ruling elites, artisans, peasants, slaves patriarchal, ancestor worship, matrilineal society before Shang |
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Definition
| kids belong to father, subservient- excessively submissive, multiple marriages, prefrence for sons- infanticide |
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| Mesoamerica/ Andean S. America Culture |
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Definition
| lacked knowledge of wheel, Olmecs/Maya- pyramids/temples, polytheistic, cultural diffusion |
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| Mesoamerica/ Andean South America cultural diffusion |
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Definition
maize, terraced pyramids - calendars, ball game on court, Quetzalcoatl-god who would return to rule world in peace |
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300 CE - system of writing- pictographs - value of zero - astronomy- predicted ecplipses - length of year within a few seconds |
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| Mesoamerica/ Andean State |
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Definition
| small city-states ruled by kings, lack of pack animals/ geo. prevented communication, irrigation systems, Andes terrain prevented gov't from organizing |
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| City- States of Meso./ Andean |
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Definition
| ruled by kings, fought each other, prisoners of war- slaves/sacrifices to gods |
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| Meso./ Andean Social Structure |
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Definition
| ELite classes of rulers/preists vs. commoners and slaves |
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