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| Literally, great name(s). Japanese warlords and great landowners, whose armed samurai gave them control of the Japanese islands from the eighth to the later nineteenth century. Under the Tokugawa Shogunate they were subordinated to the imperial government. |
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| Literally "those who serve," the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. |
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| The hereditary commander of the armies in feudalistic Japan. |
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| The capital city of feudalistic Japan. |
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| The most successful Japanese warlord; he launched an invasion of the Asian mainland and intended to become the emperor of China. |
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| The dynasty that ruled Korea from 1392 to 1910; a model Confucian state. |
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| Covered warships from the Korean Yi dynasty. |
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| The Japanese shogun that gained the upper hand in the civil war and established a new military government called the Tokugawa Shogunate. |
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| The last of the three shogunates of Japan. |
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| The new administrative capital that the shoguns created for the Tokugawa Shogunate. |
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| A Japanese city where merchants speculated in rice prices. |
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| Some of the most important Japanese industrial and financial companies; they had their origin in sake breweries of the early Tokugawa period, then branched out into manufacturing, finance, and transport. |
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| Launched by Japan's civil conflicts of the late sixteenth century. |
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| One of the first Catholic missionaries in Northern Eurasia. He went to India, Southeast and East Asia, and Japan. |
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| Members of the Catholic religious order the Society of Jesus. |
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| A Japanese port; it was given to the Jesuit missionaries by a daimyo. |
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| The fierce and independent daimyo of northern Honshu; he sent his own embassy to the Vatican by way of the Philippines and Mexico City. |
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| The information intermediaries (Dutch merchants residing on a small island in Nagasaki's harbor) acquired about European weapons technology, shipbuilding, mathematics and astronomy, anatomy and medicine, and geography. |
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| A cultural development fostered by merchants and others involved in the growing economy of eighteenth-century Japan. |
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| An incident in which a young daimyo was sentenced to commit seppuku. His followers became ronin and were obliged to avenge their deceased master. They broke into the house of the senior minister that had provoked their master and killed him and his household. |
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| The ritual suicide of the samurai. |
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| Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The later years of it saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline. |
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| A dynasty from Manchuria that guided China back to peace and prosperity after decades of political weakness, warfare, and rural woes. |
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| The high-grade blue-on-white porcelain commonly used by China's upper classes; also the name of all English fine dishes. |
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| An enormous government complex that invented assembly-line techniques and produced large quantities of high-quality ceramics for sale in China and abroad. |
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| Climate change in seventeenth-century Europe where annual temperatures dropped and resulted in agricultural distress and famine. |
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| The universal teacher of Tibetan Buddhism; who the Mongols regarded as their spiritual leader in the 1500s. |
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| Restored Mongolia as a regional military power around 1600. |
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| An agriculturally based people who controlled the region north of Korea. They founded the Qing Empire. |
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| The Chinese rebel leader who advanced and captured Beijing. |
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| A Chinese port where the Portuguese gained the right to trade. |
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| A port in the Philippines that served as the terminus of trans-Pacific trade routes from South America. |
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| Dutch East India Company (VOC) |
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| The major European trader in the Indian Ocean and East Asia. |
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| The Chinese ritual where the visitor knocked his head on the floor while crawling toward the throne. |
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| The outstanding Jesuit of late Ming China. He was an expert in the Chinese language and an accomplished scholar of the Confucian classics. Under his leadership, the Jesuits sought to adapt Catholic Christianity to Chinese cultural traditions. |
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| Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire. |
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| A Chinese emperor whose reign was during a period of great economic, military, and cultural achievement. |
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| This river valley was a contested frontier between northern China and eastern Russia until the settlement arranged in the Treaty of Nerchinsk. |
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| Fixed the border along the Amur River and regulated trade across it. |
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| An early form of inoculation that had been used to stem the spread of smallpox after the Qing conquest of Beijing. |
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| An adaptation of the Chinese practice of covering walls with enormous loose-hanging watercolors or calligraphy scrolls. |
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| A British trading company that displaced the Dutch as China's leading European trading partner. |
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| The British term for the Qing trade system. |
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| The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. |
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