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| Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan. |
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| Capital of the Mongol Empire under chinggis Khan. |
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| One of the four portions of Chinggis Khan's empire that was ruled by Hulegu who was Chinggis Khan's grandson. This was the khanate assigned the task of taking over the Middle East. (sacking of Baghdad and killing of the last Abassid caliph). |
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| Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257. |
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| Commander of Mamluk forces at Ain Jalut in 1260; originally enslaved by Mongols and sold to the Egyptians. Defeated the Mongol armies and was the slave dynasty of Egypt. |
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| Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule. |
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| Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world. |
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| Ruler of Golden Horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for invasion of Russia beginning in 1236. |
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| Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance. |
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| Grandson of Chinggis Khan; commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest of China; became khagan in 1260; established Sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1271. |
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| Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan; founded Ming dynasty. |
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| Ruler of Khwarazm whose arrogance brought death and destruction to his kingdom on an appalling scale; scoffed at Chinggis Khan's demand for retribution for the plunder and slaughter of a Mongol caravan that had entered Khwarazm. Quarreled with the caliph of Baghdad who consequently had little inclination to come to his rescue. |
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| One of the foru subdivisions of the Mongol empire after Chinggis Khan's death, originally ruled by his grandson Batu; territory covered much of what is today south central Russia. |
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| In legends popular from 12th to 17th century, a mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom was cut off from Europe by Muslim conquests; Chinggis Khan was originally believed to be this mythical ruler. |
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| Also known as Tamerlane; leader of the Turkic nomads; beginning in 1360s from base at Samarkand, launched series of attacks in Persia, the Fertile Crescent, india, and southern Russia; empire disinte-grated after his death in 1405. |
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| Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 130s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world. |
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| Turkic empiore established in Asia Minor and eventually extended throughout Middle East; responsible for conquest of Constantinople and end of Byzantine Empire in 1453; succeeded Seljuk Turks following retreat of Mongols. |
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| Chinese Muslim admiral who commanded series of Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea trade expeditions under third Ming emperor, Yunglo, between 1405 and 1433. |
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| Florentine painter who led the way of visual arts during the Renaissance. Painted the fly while an apprentice under Cimabue. |
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| Consists of Portugal and Spain; came up with their own unique Christian-centered government. Drove Muslims out. Also leaders in exploration; supported Christianity-drove out or expelled Jews and Muslims |
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| Islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Islands. |
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| Philosopher from Muslim Spain who espoused Greek rationalism, but his efforts were largely ignored in the Middle East. In fact, Euro scholars were more heavily influneced by his work. *See page 326* |
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| Location of Kubilai Khan's capital Tatu in the north. |
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| Regional kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula; pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda. |
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| Initial base islands. Tahiti, Samoa, and Fiji |
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| Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1308; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concnetratedefforts on internal developments within China. |
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| Leading 14th-century writer who not only took pride in his city and his age but explored the glories of personal achievement with new confidence. |
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| A habitual disposition to judge foreign peoples or groups by the standards and practices of one's own culture or ethnic group. |
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| Meeting of nomadic peoples. |
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| Supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes. |
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| Chinggis Khan's third son who was elected the great khan following Chinggis Khan's death. His death stopped the conquest of Europe. |
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| A ruler of the Golden Horde, converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing wer of Mamluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East. (p. 315) |
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| Kubilai Khan's capital in the north (present day Beijing) was built on the site occupied by earlier dynasties. |
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| Influential wife of Kubilai Khan; promoted interests of Buddhists in China; indicative of refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Chinese (p. 316) |
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| Portuguese exploror who was the first European to reach India by sea. |
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| Henry the Navigator (Prince Henry of Portugal) |
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| Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century; marked beginning of western European expansion (p. 333) |
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