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| straits that the Ottomans crossed from Asia Minor to Europe |
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| early leader of Ottoman Turks, namesake |
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| area where Mongols invaded without directly ruling |
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| Seljuk Turkic kingdom in Anatolia, collapse opened up Ottoman opportunities |
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| Ottoman sultan defeated by Timur armies at Angora |
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| location of defeat of Ottoman Sultan, Bayazid, by Timur armies |
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| armies that slowed down Ottomans slightly but not really, defeated Bayazid at Angora |
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| Bayazid's son who came out above the other sons, reunified Ottoman empire |
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| Constantinopole/Byzantine Empire |
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| "The conqueror" led Ottomans to conquer Constantinopole |
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| capital of Austrian Habsburg Empire , Ottomans laid seige on them during the O. decline |
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| infantry army division, made up majority of imperial armies, many soldiers were forcfully conscripted, however they were given a great education and converted to Islam |
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| 'people of the book' Jew and Christian traders were able to continue under this rule because they were protected by the sultans |
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| overall head of imperial administration, more power than actual sultan |
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| cathedral converted into grand mosque by Mehmed II |
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| built by Suleyman the Magnificent, most spectacular of the mosques built by sultans after Mehmed, who all strove to beautify the capital, designed by famous architect Sinan, huge engineering achievement |
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| triangular bay that formed northern boundary of capital city |
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| orig. written-Persian law-Arabic, then 17th century, all Turkish |
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| end of Ottoman naval dominance, defeated by combined Spanish and Venetian fleet |
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| traveller who commented on Ottoman Empire, said that Ottomans inherited belief that nothing happening in Europe was important, leading to downfall |
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| Shi'ites believed in him, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law |
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| Sufi-mystif, namesake of Safavid dynasty, Turkish, began militant campaign to purify and reform Islam and spread Muslim teachings |
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| Safavid's followers (because of distinctive head gear) |
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| led Turkic followers to string of victories on battlefield, Sufi commander, took city of Tabriz, where he was declared shah, after defeat at Chaldiran drank himself to misery |
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| Isma'ils armies conquered this city, declared him emperor here |
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| Safavid's ancient enemies, nomadic Turkic people, driven back into modern-day Iraq |
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| nw Persia, Ottoman's stop Safavids under sultan Selim, important battle, demonstrated importance of gunpowder, etc. determined that Shi'ism would stay in Persia. |
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| Ottoman sultan at time of battle of Chaldiran |
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| shah who replaced Isma'il, drove Ozbegs out again, set restoring power of the dynasty, efforts made to bring Turkic chiefs under control; tried to ring Turkic chiefs under control; transformed them into warrior noble class w/ assigned villages; put persians into court and bureaucracy |
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| 1587-1629; shah when empire reached the height of its properity tho territory not expanded |
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| Abbas the Great; made use of russian slave youths, educated them and converted them; eventually granted them provincial governerships and offices in court; turned to European advisers for help with new technologies like cannons (the Sherley Brothers from England); builds big standing army; develops empire so it will become hub of international trade and islamic culture (building roads...); encourages trade;builds great mosques (biggest achievements), colleges; |
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| successors of ali; shahs claimed to be these |
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| local mosque officials and prayer leaders; supervised and supported by government; eventually becomes more independent |
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| shi'i shrine in cental Iraq; becomes important in safavids relgion |
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| matyrdom, was celebrated in festivals by safavids |
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| highest religious authorities in safavids |
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| highest religous authorities in safavids gov; no mullahs ever surpass them in power |
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| Abbas's heir; his rule marks when the dyansty begins to fall |
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| soldier-adventurer who emerged out of bloody struggles for power after abba's grandson's loss of power; calls himself shah tho never can fix the declining dynasty |
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| able shah after abbah I grandson; however unable to help decline because of disputes and rebellions |
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| founder of Mughal dynasty, half Mongol, half Turkic. motives for conquest were strictly secular, wanted to get back original kingdom Farghana. as a boy, pushed back by Ozbeg tribes to Kabul, then directed raids to get back to Farghana, ultimately settled with northern India. defeated Muslim Lodis at Panipat, also defeated Hindu warrior-kings at Khanua. highly CULTIVATED, author, musician |
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| Musim Lodi Dynasty- defeated by Mughals leaded by Babur at Panipat, elephant stampede |
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| battle where Mughals defeat Muslim Lodis using artillery, cavalry, and elephant scaring |
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| small village where Babur's forces (vastly outnumbered) destroy confederation of Hindu warrior-kings |
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| Babur's son, good soldier, brother plotted against him in jealousy, forced to flee to Persia in exile to Safavid court for 10 years. gained foothold at Kabul, restored Mughal rule in north India, died tripping on library steps |
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| Human's successor, 13 years old at beginning, military commander, workaholic, patronized art, social reforms, illiterate but extremely intelligent. policies with Hindus, encouraged intermarriage, abolished jizya, promoted Hindus, tolerance. invented Din-I-Ilahi, tried to improve calendar, establish living quarters for those in poverty and regulate alcohol (but son was alcoholic) improved position of WOMEN, encouraged widow remarriage, discouraged child marriages, prohibited sati, tried to relief purdah, died lonely and discouraged |
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| religion that Akbar invented trying to unite HIndu and Muslim subjects |
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| legally prohibitied by Akbar, burning of high-caste Hindu women on their husbands' funeral pyres, highly practiced by Rajput princes |
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| seclusion of women in their homes |
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| successor to Akbar, continued Akbar's HIndu tolerance, campaigns to crush potential enemies and sometimes enlarge empire, liked pleasure live, one of greatest patrons of fine arts |
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| successor to Jahangir, continued Akbar's Hindu tolerance, campaigns to crush potential enemies and sometimes enlarge empire, liked pleasure life, one of greatest patrons of fine arts |
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| European observer of Mughal India, noted poverty and lack of discipline/training of armies |
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| type of cotton named after Indian port city of Calicut |
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| succeeded Shah Jahan, scolded daughter for wearing revealing clothes. screwed up Mughal dynasty, 2 bad ambitions: 1. conquer indian subcontinent 2. purify indian islam.....did extend it lots, but religious policies screwed stuff up, put back in jizya, hugest empire ever |
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| Jahangir's wife...he was druggie and alcoholic, she donated charities, died giving birth to 19th child |
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| Shah Jahan's wife, involved in court politics, he loved her lots made pretty tomb in Taj Mahal |
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| started as sect to bridge HIndu-Muslim, became anti-Muslim |
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