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| The symbol of the Republican political tactic of attacking Democrats with reminders of the Civil War |
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| Corrupt construction company whose bribes and payoffs to congressmen and other created a major Grant administration scandal |
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| Short-lived third party of 1872 that attempted to curb Grant administration corruption |
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| Precious metal that "soft-money" advocates demanded be coined again to compensate for the "Crime of '73" |
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| "Soft-money" third party that polled over a million votes and elected 14 congressmen in 1878 by advocating inflation |
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| Mark Twain's sarcastic name for the post-Civil War era, which emphasized its atmosphere of greed and corruption |
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| Civil War Union Veterans' organization that became a potent political bulwark of the Republican party in the late 19th century |
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| Republican party faction led by Senator Roscoe Conkling that opposed all attempts at civil-reform |
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| Republican party faction led by Senator James G. Blaine that paid lip service to government reform while still battling for patronage and spoils |
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| THe complex political agreement between Republicans and Democrats that resolved the bitterly disputed election of 1876 |
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| Asian immigrant group that experienced discrimination on the West Coast |
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| System of choosing federal employees on the basis of merit rater than patronage introduced by the Pendleton Act of 1883 |
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| Sky-high Republican tariff of 1890 that caused widespread anger among farmers in the 1890s |
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| Insurgent political party that gained widespread support among farmers in the 1890s |
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| Notorious clause in southern voting laws that exempted from literacy tests and poll taxes anyone whose ancestors had voted in 1860, thereby excluding blacks |
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| Great military leader whose presidency foundered in corruption and political ineptitude |
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| Bold and unprincipled financier whose plot to corner the U.S. gold market nearly succeeded in 1869 |
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| Heavyweight NY political boss whose widespread fraud landed him in jail in 1871 |
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| Colorful, eccentric newspaper editor who carried the Liberal Republicans and Democratic banners against Grant in 1872 |
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| Wealthy NY financier whose bank collapse in 1873 set off an economic depression |
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| Irish-born leader of the anti-Chinese movement in California |
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| Radical Populist leader whose early success turned sour, and who then became a vicious racist |
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| Imperious NY senator and leader of the "Stalwart" faction of Republicans |
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| Charming but corrupt "Half-Breed" Republican senator and presidential nominee in 1884 |
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| Winner of the contested 1876 election who presided over the end of Reconstruction and a sharp economic downturn |
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| President whose assassination after only a few months in office spurred the passage of a civil-service law |
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| Term for the racial segregation laws imposed in the 1890s |
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| First Democratic president since the Civil War; defender of laissez-faire economics and low tariffs |
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| Eloquent young Congressman from Nebraska who became the most prominent advocate of "free-silver" in the early 1890s |
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| Enormously wealthy banker whose secret bailout of the federal government in 1895 aroused fierce public anger |
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| Federally owned acreage granted to the railroad companies in order to encourage the building of rail lines |
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| The original transcontinental railroad,commissioned by Congress, which built its rail line west from Omaha |
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| The California-based railroad company, headed by Leland Stanford, that employed Chinese laborers in building lines across the mountains |
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| The northernmost of the transcontinental railroad lines, organized by economically wise and public-spirited industrialist James J. Hill |
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| Dishonest device by which railroad promoters artificially inflated the price of their stocks and bonds |
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| Supreme Court case of 1886 that prevented states from regulating railroads or other forms of interstate commerce |
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| Federal regulatory agency often used by rail companies to stabilize the industry and prevent ruinous competition |
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| Late 19th-century invention that revolutionized communication and created a large new industry that relied heavily on female workers |
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| First of the great industrial trusts, organized through a principle of "horizontal integration" that ruthlessly incorporated or destroyed competitors |
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| The first billion-dollar American corporation, organized when J.P. Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie |
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| Term that identified southern promoters' belief in a technologically advanced industrial South |
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| Colored National Labor Union |
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| Black labor organization that briefly flourished in the late 1860s |
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| Secret, ritualistic labor organization that enrolled many skilled and unskilled workers but collapsed suddenly after the Haymarket Square bombing |
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| Skilled labor organizations, such as those of carpenters and printers, that were most successful in conducting strikes and raising wages |
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| The conservative labor group that successfully organized a minority of American workers but left others out |
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| Former California governor and organizer of the Central Pacific Railroad |
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| Pro-business clergyman whose "Acres of Diamonds" speeches criticized the poor |
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| Public-spirited railroad builder who assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rail lines |
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| Aggressive eastern railroad builder and consolidator who scorned the law as an obstacle to his enterprise |
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| Magazine illustrator who created a romantic image of the new independent woman |
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| Former teacher of the deaf whose invention created an entire new industry |
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| Inventive genius of industrialization who worked on devices such as the electric light, the phonograph, and the motion picture |
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| Scottish immigrant who organized a vast new industry on the principle of "vertical integration" |
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| Aggressive energy-industry monopolist who used tough means to build a trust based on "horizontal integration" |
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| The only businessperson in America wealthy enough to buy out Andrew Carnegie and organize the United States Steel Corporation |
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| Southern newspaper editor who tirelessly promoted industrialization as the salvation of the economically backward South |
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| Eloquent leader of a secretive labor organization that made substantial gains in the 1880s before it suddenly collapsed |
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| Intellectual defender of laissez-faire capitalism who argued that the wealthy owed "nothing" to the poor |
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| Illinois governor who pardoned the Haymarket anarchists |
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| Organizer of a conservative craft-union group and advocate of "more" wages for skilled workers |
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| High-rise urban buildings that provided barrackslike housing for urban slum dwellers |
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| Term for the post-1880 newcomers who came to America primarily from southern and eastern Europe |
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| Immigrants who came to America to earn money for a time and then returned to their native land |
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| The religious doctrines preached by those who believed the churches should directly address economic and social problems |
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| Settlement house in the Chicago slums that became a model for women's involvement in urban social reform |
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| Profession established by Jane Addams and others that opened new opportunities for women while engaging urban problems |
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| Nativist organization that attacked "New Immigrants" and Roman Catholicism in the 1880s and 1890s |
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| The church that became the largest American religious group, mainly as a result of the "New Immigration" |
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| Black educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington to provide training in agriculture and crafts |
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| Organization founded by W. E. B. Du Bois and others to advance black social and economic equality |
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| Henry George's best-selling book that advocated social reform through the imposition of a "single tax" on land |
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| Federal law promoted by a self-appointed morality crusader and used to prosecute moral and sexual dissidents |
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| Charlotte Perkins Gilman's book urging women to enter the work force and advocating cooperative kitchens and child-care centers |
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| National American Women's Suffrage Association |
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| Organization formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women |
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| Women's Christian Temperance Union |
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| Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption |
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| Chicago-based architect whose high-rise innovation allowed more people to crowd into limited urban space |
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| Leading Protestant advocate of the "social gospel" who tried to make Christianity relevant to urban and industrial problems |
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| Leading social reformer who lived with the poor in the slums and pioneered new forms of activism |
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| Popular evangelical preacher who brought the tradition of old-time revivalism to the industrial city |
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| Author and founder of a popular new religion based on principles of spiritual healing |
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| Former slave who promoted industrial education and economic opportunity but not social equality for blacks |
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| Harvard-educated scholar and advocate of full black social and economic equality through the leadership of a "talented tenth" |
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| Harvard scholar who made original contributions to modern psychology and philosophy |
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| Controversial reformer whose book Progress and Poverty advocated solving problems of economic inequality by a tax on land |
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| Gifted but isolated New England poet, the bulk of whose works were not published until after her death |
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| Midwestern-born writer and lecturer who created a new style of American literature based on social realism and humor |
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| Radical feminist propagandist whose eloquent attacks on conventional social morality shocked many Americans in the 1870s |
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| Vigorous 19th-century crusader for sexual "purity" who used federal law to enforce his moral views |
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| Brilliant feminist writer who advocated cooperative cooking and child-care arrangements to promote women's economic independence and equality |
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| Well-connected and socially prominent historian who feared modern trends and sought relief in the beauty and culture of the past |
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| Major northern Plains Indian nation that fought and eventually lost a bitter war against the U.S. Army, 1876-1877 |
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| Southwestern Indian tribe led by Geronimo that carried out some of the last fighting against white conquest |
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| Generally poor areas where vanquished Indians were eventually confined under federal control |
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| Indian religious movement, originating out of the sacred Sun Dance that the federal government attempted to stamp out in 1890 |
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| Federal law that attempted to dissolve tribal landholding and establish Indians as individual |
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| Huge silver and gold deposit that brought wealth and statehood to Nevada |
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| General term for the herding of cattle from the grassy plains to the railroad terminals of Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming |
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| Federal law that offered generous land opportunities to poorer farmers but also provided the unscrupulous with opportunities for hoaxes and fraud |
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| Improved type of fencing that enabled farmers to enclose land on the treeless plains |
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| Former "Indian Territory" where "sooners" tried to get the jump on "boomers" when it was opened for settlement in 1889 |
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| Third political party that emerged in the 1890s to express rural grievances and mount major attacks on the Democrats and Republicans |
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| Popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that portrayed pro-silver arguments triumphing over the traditional views of bankers and economics professors |
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| Bitter labor conflict in Chicago that brought him the Democratic presidential nomination in 1896 |
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| Spectacular convention speech by a young pro-silver advocate that brought him the Democratic presidential nomination in 1896 |
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| Popular term for those who favored the "status quo" in metal money and opposed the pro-silver Bryanites in1896 |
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| Site of Indian massacre by militia forces in 1864 |
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| Sit of major U.S. Army defeat in the Sioux War of '76-'77 |
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| Leader of the Sioux during wars of '76-'77 |
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| Leader of the Nez Percé tribe who conducted a brilliant but unsuccessful military campaign in 1877 |
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| Leader of the Apaches of Arizona in their warfare with the whites |
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| Massachusetts writer whose books aroused sympathy for the plight of the Native Americans |
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| Explorer and geologist who warned that traditional agriculture could not succeed west of the 100th meridian |
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| Author of the popular pro-silver pamphlet "Coin's Financial School" |
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| Railway union leader who converted to socialism while serving jail time during the Pullman strike |
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| Former Civil War general and Granger who ran as the Greenback Labor party candidate for president in 1880 |
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| Eloquent Kansas Populist who urged farmers to "raise less corn and more hell" |
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| Ohio industrialist and organizer of McKinley's victory over Bryan in the election of 1896 |
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| Remote Pacific site of a naval clash between the US and Germany in 1889 |
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| South American nation that nearly came to blows with the US in 1892 over an incident involving the deaths of American sailors |
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| The principle of American foreign policy invoked by Secretary of State Olney to justify American intervention in the Venezuelan boundary dispute |
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| Term for the sensationalistic and jingoistic prowar journalism practiced by W. R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer |
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| American battleship sent on a "friendly" visit to Cuba that ended in disaster and war |
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| Site of the dramatic American naval victory that led to US acquisition of rich, Spanish-owned Pacific Islands |
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| Colorful volunteer regiment of the Spanish-American War led by a militarily inexperienced but politically influential colonel |
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| The Caribbean island conquered from Spain in 1898 that became an important American colony |
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| Supreme Court cases of 1901 that determined that the US Constitution and Bill of Rights did not apply in colonial territories under the American flag |
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| John Hay's clever diplomatic efforts to preserve Chinese territorial integrity and maintain American access to China |
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| Antiforeign Chinese revolt of 1900 that brought military intervention by Western troops, including Americans |
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| Diplomatic agreement of 1901 that permitted the US to build and fortify a Central American canal alone, without British involvement |
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| Nation whose senate in 1902 refused to ratify a treaty permitting the US to build a canal across its territory |
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| Questionable extension of a traditional American policy; declared an American right to intervene in Latin American nations under certain circumstances |
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| Diplomatic understanding of '07-'08 that ended a Japanese American crisis over treatment of Japanese immigrants to the US |
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| American clergyman who preached Anglo-Saxon superiority and called for stronger US missionary effort |
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| American naval officer who wrote influential books emphasizing sea power and advocating a big navy |
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| Filipino leader of a guerilla war against American rule from '99-'01 |
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| Native Hawaiian ruler overthrown in a revolution led by white planters and aided by US troops |
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| American president who refused to annex Hawaii on the grounds that the native ruler had been unjustly deposed |
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| Spanish general whose brutal tactics against Cuban rebels outraged American public opinion |
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| Vigorous promoter of sensationalistic anti-Spanish propaganda and eager advocate of imperialistic war |
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| President who initially opposed war with Spain but eventually supported US acquisition of the Philippines |
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| Naval commander whose spectacular May Day victory in 1898 opened the doors to American imperialism in Asia |
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| Imperialist advocate, aggressive assistant navy secretary, Rough Rider |
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| American secretary of state who attempted to preserve Chinese independence and protect American interests in China |
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| Scheming French engineer who helped stage a revolution in Panama and then became the country's "instant" foreign minister |
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| Harvard philosopher and one of the leading anti-imperialists opposing US acquisition of the Philippines |
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| Leading Democratic politician whose intervention narrowly tipped the Senate vote in favor of acquiring the Philippines in '99 |
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| New York politician who successfully schemed to get TR out of New York and into the vice presidency in Washington |
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