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| exchange of rum, slaves and molasses, between the North American Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade. |
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| Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotice religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening. |
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| Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality. |
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| 1754 Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French. |
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| Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians. Contributed to rising resentment of British rule in the American colonies. |
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| Economic theory that closely linked a nation’s political and military power to its bullion reserves. Mercantilists generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as means to increase exports. |
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| First Continental Congress |
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| 1774 Convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a respone to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods. |
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| October 1777, Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause. |
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| 1785, Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries. |
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| Father of the Constitution |
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| 1791, Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution. |
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| Intellectual pastor who proclaimed dependence in God and torment for damned. |
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Famous statesmen, wrote Poor Man’s Almanac, widely read popular book
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| French and Indian War; Colonists unite, and Britain emerges dominant |
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| Belief that all members of parliament represented all British subjects |
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| Political agitator, rebellion organizer in Boston Tea Party, Continental Congress |
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| Second president, kept peace with France |
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| Lieutenant in Ohio Army; surrenders Fort Necessity to French First presedent |
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| In his book Common Sense, he argued the superiority of republics over a monarchy |
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| Led Federalists, summoned 2nd Congress, wanted super-powerful central government |
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| 1794, Popular uprising of Whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on Whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states |
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| Proclamation of Neutrality |
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| When France and Britain go to war, US states that it’ll take no side |
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| Washington's farewell address |
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| warned against perment allies |
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| Reflected anti-German-American fears, partially violated the 1st amendment |
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| Supreme Court Justice, powerful intellect, personality; shaped US legal tradition |
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| Greatly increased power of Court, now soul interpreter of Constitution |
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| Bought all French land in America: $15 million; Napoleon needed the money |
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| 1814-1815, Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House. |
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| Madison asked for this due to Indian attacks and to restore confidence, splits country |
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| Prohibited slavery north of 36° 30’ but Missouri would be a slave state |
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| Maryland taxes branch of BUS; Marshal rules against Maryland, more national power |
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| Jackson started this by rewarding political supporters with public office |
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| Jackson started this by rewarding political supporters with public office |
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| Jacksonian policy that uprooted a hundred thousand natives to reservations |
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| New Federalists; could not pick candidate for 1836, lost to Van Buren |
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| Known for Tippecanoe, lacked enemies |
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| Schoolbooks were used to promote patriotism, standardized American language |
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| Whitney’s invention that separated seed from fiber; 50 times more efficient than by hand |
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| Successful book against Slavery, brought it to the people; started Civil War |
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| American belief that the entire continent belongs to America for development |
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| 1846, Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery. |
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| Conductor on Underground Railroad; escorted 300 slaves to freedom |
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| Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery. |
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| (in the context of the slavery debate) Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories. |
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| 1846,Measures introduced by Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln, questioning President James K. Polk’s justification for war with Mexico. Lincoln requested that Polk clarify precisely where Mexican forces had attacked American troops. |
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| With Clay, urged both sides to make concessions to keep union |
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| 1820,Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36°30. |
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| Beaten with a cane by Brooks due to his abusive speech, shows inflamed passions |
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| 1857, Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the United States. |
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| July 1863, Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy, which never again managed to invade the North. Site of General George Pickett’s daring but doomed charge on the Northern lines. |
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| 1863,Abraham Lincoln’s oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty. |
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| September 1862, Landmark battle in the Civil War that essentially ended in a draw but demonstrated the prowess of the Union army, forestalling foreign intervention and giving Lincoln the “victory” he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. |
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| 1863, Two and half month siege of a Confederate fort on the Mississippi River in Tennessee. Vicksburg finally fell to Ulysses S. Grant in July of 1863, giving the Union Army control of the Mississippi River and splitting the South in two. |
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| April 1862, Bloody Civil War battle on the Tennessee-Mississippi border that resulted in the deaths of more than 23,000 soldiers and ended in a marginal Union victory |
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| 1865-1872, Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators. |
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| 1865-1866, Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners’ criticisms of President Andrew Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction policies. |
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| Wanted to vote out Lincoln and put in someone new |
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| Lincoln’s running mate attracted War Democrats and Border States |
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| Secretary of State, prepared to defend Monroe Doctrine against Napoleon III |
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| “waving the bloody shirt” |
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| The use of Civil War imagery by political candidates and parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket. The Republican party particularly benefited from reminding voters of Democratic treachery during the secession crisis. |
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| Paid themselves high prices to steal money from Government, bribed congressmen |
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| The agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction. In exchange for the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the former Confederate states. This deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only, Democratic-dominated electoral politics. |
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| 1896, An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with “separate but equal” facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s. |
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| 1883, Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reigning in the spoils system. |
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| Interstate Commerce Commission |
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| Nullified illegal shipping rates and dictated maximum rates |
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1887)
Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business. |
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| Integrated stages of steel manufacture, didn’t monopolize, charitable |
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| Standard Oil, controlled rivals in a “trust,” incredible monopolization |
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| Placed employees in boards of rivals- ensure harmony; financed RRs, buys Carnegie |
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| 1890, A law that forbade trusts or combinations in business, this was landmark legislation because it was one of the first Congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good. At first the law was mostly used to restrain trade unions as the courts tended to side with companies in legal cases. In 1914 the Act was revised so it could more effectively be used against monopolistic corporations. |
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| A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with immigrants and working people. |
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| Black teacher; accepted social inequality but wanted right to develop education, for economic independence would lead to black civil rights and political freedom |
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| Educated black, wanted educated blacks to have rights, moved to Ghana |
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| 1919, Ratified in 1919, this Constitutional amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. It ushered in the era known as Prohibition. |
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| 1862,A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land. |
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| 1894, A 1894 strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government’s new willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages. |
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| extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition and power over other nations |
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| 1901, Following its military occupation, the United States successfully pressured the Cuban government to write this amendment into its constitution. It limited Cuba’s treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, and stipulated that the United States could intervene militarily to restore order when it saw fit. |
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| 1899-1900, A set of diplomatic letters in which Secretary of State John Hay urged the great powers to respect Chinese rights and free and open competition within their spheres of influence. The notes established the “Open Door Policy,” which sought to ensure access to the Chinese market for the United States, despite the fact that the U.S. did not have a formal sphere of influence in China. |
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| 1904, A brazen policy of “preventive intervention” advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in his Annual Message to Congress in 1904. Adding ballast to the Monroe Doctrine, his corollary stipulated that the United States would retain a right to intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin American nations in order to restore military and financial order. |
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