Term
| Problems with the Articles |
|
Definition
| No centralized govt, no power to tax, or regulate trade |
|
|
Term
| Uprising due to the Articles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
|
Definition
| basic bill of rights(trial by jury, freedom of religion, excess punishment) abolished slavery in the NW territory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| created 3 branches of Govt-Executive, Legislative, and judicial (checks and blances) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| senate would follow NJ plan, House follow Va plan, also provide for 3/5 slaves counted as a person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| representation based on population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Federalist Papers, authored by |
|
Definition
| James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strong central government, and weak state government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strong state government, and weak central government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hamilton's plan to regulate the new economy. Congress approved, but Washington vetoed it since he did not know if the creation of a National Bank would be constitution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| At its forefront were Jefferson and Madison, argued for a strict interpretation of the Constitution. They argued about the enumerated powers of the constitution. |
|
|
Term
| Loose or Broad Constructionists |
|
Definition
| Led by Hamilton, argued that there should be a loose interpretation of the Constitution and argued about the implied power of the government. After Hamilton successfully persuaded Washington about the implied powers of government, Washington rescinded his veto and signed the bill. |
|
|
Term
| Hamilton successfully handled the National Debt by |
|
Definition
| and also took over the individual debt of the states, which further increased the power of the Federal government. Hamilton's fiscal plans favored the northern industrial states, and grew resentment in the south. In order to appease the South, Hamilton proposed to move the capital to the South, to Washington, D.C. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Came to America to try to persuade the United States to take a position in the conflict between France and Britain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pennsylvania whiskey farmers protested a tax put in on them by Hamilton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Highly unpopular treaty between the United States and Britain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adams sent three representatives to Paris, where the French demanded money in order for the Americans even to be able to sit down and negotiate with them. The Americans returned, and Adams made the Affair public. Public opinion turned anti-French after this incident, to the point that there was almost a declaration of war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gave government the right to expel foreigners and to jail newspaper editors for writing. This was a huge threat to the first amendment of the Constitution. The act was aimed to hurt the Democratic-Republicans |
|
|
Term
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: |
|
Definition
| Organized by Vice-President Jefferson and James Madison, argued that the states had the rights to debate the constitutionality of federal laws, this later became known as "nullification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Both Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr ran for the Democratic-Republican nomination for President. Both received the same number of votes in the Electoral College. After a time, Jefferson finally won. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passed after this in order to allow electors to vote for a ticket, meaning a vote for both President and his running mate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adams appointed people from his own party, the Federalists, which would continue to work and function in government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The French offered to sell to the United States the whole Louisiana Territory for $15 Million. By this Jefferson single-handedly doubled the size of the United States. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In addition to blocking trade, the British Royal Navy began impressing, meaning boarding ships and getting sailors who might have deserted the Royal Navy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which basically shut down American imports and exports, causing a perilous economic situation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for war against Britain, it's leaders were John C. Calhoun, and Henry Clay. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Native Americans sided with the British.In 1814, the Brits captured Washington, D.C. and burned the White House. However, most battles ended in a stalemate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ended the war, nobody won anything, nobody lost anything. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Federalists which were opposed to it since it hurt the merchant economy of the Northeast, considered to change the Constitution, even considered secession from the Union |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
This was an era in which there was no partisan fighting between people since only one party existed.
Monroe's presidency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After a period of growth, inflation, and speculation, the United States once again entered a perilous economic situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monroe acquired Florida from Spain, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It told European powers to not meddle in affair in the Americas, and in return the United States would not meddle with European affairs, thus the United States would serve as the "protector" of Central and South America. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Admitted Missouri as slave state II) Created Maine, and made that a free slave III |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the House, Henry Clay, who was Speaker of the House, supported John Quincy Adams, thus in essence, handing Adams the presidency. Adams then made Clay Secretary of State, which was then considered a stepping-stone to the office of the president. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| strong supported of States' Rights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jobs for political support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nation governed by Middle and Upper Class property holders who were educated, and government have a balance with the service that it provided |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Universal Male Suffrage (Meaning all white males can vote). Also Jackson had a strong presidency that continuously challenged the other two branches of government |
|
|
Term
| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia and Worcester v. Georgia, |
|
Definition
| the Supreme Court guaranteed Native American rights to their lands, yet Jackson still kicked them out of their lands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| began what would be known as the Trail of Tears, which was a forced deportation of Cherokees to the west that ended in thousands of deaths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that the states have to right to decide on the constitutionality of federal laws, and they had the right to disobey those laws - nullify - if they thought that they were unconstitutional. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ended the selling of government land on credit, meaning that the buyers would now have to pay with "hard currency", it caused a shortage of money, a decrease in the treasury, and ushered in the way for the Panic of 1837. Jackson |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Not-Democratic-Party.believe in government activism when it came to social issues, and many were religious supporting the temperance movement and holding the Sabbath holy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| became the first Whig President, yet he died thirty days after his inauguration because he had pneumonia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conflict between the Sioux and the U.S. Army. |
|
|
Term
| Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 |
|
Definition
| Law emphasized treatment of Indians as individuals rather than as members of tribes, and called for the breakup of the reservations. 160 acres were giving to each head of an Indian family who accepted the law's provision. |
|
|
Term
| Pacific Railroad Act of July 1, 1862 |
|
Definition
| Authorized the construction of the transcontinental, the amount of track laid and the land that went with it made the transcontinental the single-most largest landowners in the West |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 160 acres of land to anyone who would pay $10, live on land for 5 years, cultivate and improve it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gave homesteaders additional 160 acres if they planted trees on 40 acres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oversee the practices of railroads which had multi-state routes. Law also banned monopolistic activities like the pools, and rebates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a banker, took over weakened railroad systems, and reorganized their management, refinanced their debts, and built alliances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Steel king. Used Vertical Integration (controlling all aspects of manufacturing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| merging competing companies into one giant system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controlling all aspects of manufacturing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outlawed trusts and any other contracts or combinations in restrain of trade, and gave violators fines of $5K and 1 year in jail. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Endorsed 8 hour work day, wanted currency and banking reform, end to convict labor, a federal department of labor, and restriction on immigration, especially Chinese |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Welcomed all wage earners or former wage earners, excluded: bankers, doctors, lawyers, stockbrokers, professional gamblers, and liquor dealers. Knights wanted equal pay for women, end to child and convict labor, graduated income tax, and cooperative ownership. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Placed a ten year moratorium on Chinese immigration |
|
|
Term
| American Federation of Labor |
|
Definition
| Replaced Knight's grand visions with practical tactics aimed at bread-and-butter issues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| argued that self-interest acted as an "invisible hand" in the marketplace, automatically regulating the supply of and demand for goods and services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| labor required to produce a commodity was the only true measure of that commodity's value. |
|
|
Term
| Presidential Election of 1844 |
|
Definition
| Polk ran against Henry Clay [Whigs] and James Birney [Liberty Party, took votes from Clay] |
|
|
Term
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
|
Definition
| which got the US California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and the RG Texas border and got Mexico a very pathetic reparations payment of $15 million |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made slavery illegal in any territories taken from Mexico |
|
|
Term
| Presidential Election of 1848 |
|
Definition
| The Whigs nominated General Zachary Taylor, a Southern slaveowner and war hero, and Congressman Millard Fillmore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CA came in as a free state.
Texas boundary kept at present limits but Texas given $10 million in compensation for loss of territory to New Mexico.
New Mexico and Utah territories to be decided by popular sovereignty.
Slave trade banned in Washington DC.
A new harsher fugitive slave law. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allowed slaveowners to go into court in their states to show evidence their slaves had escaped |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Democrats ran Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire, and he won easily over the Whig nominee, General Winfield Scott |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Know-Nothings] The KN’s were anti-Catholic/anti-immigrant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In Kansas, both abolitionists and Southerners began sending in forces to support their side and influence the decision, which was to be made through popular sovereignty |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This led to the Free-Soilers creating their own gov’t, a pro-slavery posse killing some of them in 1856, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Scott was not a US citizen and therefore couldn’t sue, (2) residence in free territory didn’t make him free and (3) Congress couldn’t ban slavery from any territory anyway. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
his attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry on October 16, 1859.
made him a symbol of all evil for Southerners and an almost holy martyr for much of the North.
. |
|
|
Term
| Presidential Election of 1860 |
|
Definition
| Democrats had Douglas [North] and John C. Breckinridge [South] up against the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln |
|
|
Term
| North advantages during Civil WAr |
|
Definition
An industrialized market economy that gave the government a tremendous amount of resources to fall back on.
A much larger population and more manpower for the army and navy. Speaking of the navy, the North had a larger, stronger navy.
An already established, relatively powerful and organized central government led by Lincoln.
The support of the liberated/runaway slaves in the South. |
|
|
Term
| South advantages in Civil WAr |
|
Definition
Fighting on home soil (most of the time) for their independence and way of life.
They had some really good generals like Robert E. Lee, “Stonewall” Jackson, JEB Stuart, etc.
To win, they only had to keep the North out – keep up resistance – like Washington in RW |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to strangle the Confederacy through a blockade and cut it in half by taking the Mississippi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| US boards British steamer, takes off 2 Confederate ambassadors, imprisons and then releases them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bloodiest day of the entire war |
|
|
Term
| Merrimack (Confederacy) vs. Monitor (Union) |
|
Definition
| the first clash of ironclad ships (ever). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 160 acres to anyone for 5 years free |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| land given to states to sell, but revenue can only go for education [think agricultural, engineering schools]. |
|
|
Term
| Emancipation Proclamation |
|
Definition
| freed all the slaves in the states in rebellion against the US. |
|
|
Term
| Battle of Chancellorsville |
|
Definition
| crushing defeat for the North – but also detrimental to the South b/c of the loss of Stonewall Jackson. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on the last major Southern fortification of the Mississippi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| federal aid agency that was to deal with the mess created by the war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| federal aid agency that was to deal with the mess created by the war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) the freedmen were given citizenship and the states were prohibited from denying their rights, (2) the Confederate debt was void, but the US debt remained, (3) Confederate leaders were barred from holding office, and (4) if S. states didn’t let blacks vote, they were to have their representation reduced proportionally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
union generals assumed control in the five different military districts that were established in the South.
guaranteed freedmen the right to vote |
|
|
Term
| Presidential Election of 1868 |
|
Definition
| general Ulysses S. Grant ran against and defeated the New York Democrat Horatio Seymour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by forbidding states to prohibit the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of slavery |
|
|
Term
| Enforcement Acts and an Anti-Klan Law in 1870/1871 |
|
Definition
| laws made actions against the civil rights of others criminal offenses and provided for election supervisors, martial law, and the suspension of habeas corpus when necessary, prosecutors didn’t really use the laws very much. |
|
|
Term
| Presidential Election of 1872 |
|
Definition
| Liberal Republicans and nominated Horace Greeley and Grant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pardoned most of the remaining ex-Confederates |
|
|
Term
| Presidential Election of 1876 |
|
Definition
| Samuel J. Tilden against Republican Rutherford B. Haye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anyone could start a company and raise money by selling stock to investors, who would face no personal risk other than the money they invested. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gentlemen’s Agreements” between companies that set limits on production and agreed to the sharing of profits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relied on the principle that one company could control another by forcing it to yield control of its stock to the bigger company’s board of trustees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| several groups joined for the campaign for an 8-hour workday and organized mass strikes and labor demonstrations. Workers involved included the craft unions as well as anarchists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| workers for the American Railway Union called a strike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gospel of Wealth concept
carries moral responsibilities, and it’s good we moguls have it all b/c that way we can be the guardians of society. |
|
|
Term
| Wabash, St. Louis and Pacific RR Co. v. IL |
|
Definition
| Reversal of 1877 decision, only the federal gov’t was declared able to regulate interstate commerce. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| direct election of Senators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by NY Senator and party boss Conklin, heavy reliance on spoils system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| led by Blaine, supposed idealists but really just out of power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| true idealists, tended towards Democratic side |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rutherford B. Hayes
James Garfield
Grover Cleveland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – farmers formed a network of Granges w/elected officers and membership oaths |
|
|
Term
| Presidential Election of 1896 |
|
Definition
Republicans went ahead and nominated William McKinley
The Democrats, on the other hand, became obsessed w/silver and nominated big orator guy William Jennings Byran |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which required that all paper money had to be backed by gold; he also raised tariffs and encouraged imperialism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| get rid of offending officials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outlawing the sale of liquor, and prostitution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Through “Self-Help
felt that blacks could eventually acquire social and political rights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| that blacks should not have to tolerate white domination and should immediately fight for their social and political rights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| who formed the American Birth Control League and managed to make the issue part of public debate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forced TR into a compromise w/JP Morgan – in return for convincing financiers to stop dropping stocks, TR approved a deal for US steal to get a smaller company. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| William Howard Taft for the Presidential Election of 1908 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
National Progressive Republican League
Bull Moose Party |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which outlawed monopolistic practices, and a bill creating the Federal Trade Commission (1914), which could investigate companies and order them to stop unfair trade tactics. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| established another nat’l bank and district banks [regulated by the Federal Reserve Board] that would lend $ to member banks at rates that could be adjusted to increase/decrease the $ in circulation – loosen/tighten credi |
|
|
Term
| Presidential Election of 1916 |
|
Definition
| Wilson ran w/his “He Kept Us Out of War” deal against Republican Charles Hughes and won |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| got rid of the duty-free sugar provision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which required the use of private funds for investment in order to further diplomatic goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which required the use of private funds for investment in order to further diplomatic goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on Cuba, which forced all treaties to go through the US first and granted the US the right to intervene to preserve independence and domestic order. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| section warned LA to stabilize politics and finances, and made the US “an international police power.” This allowed for frequent US interventions [ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Great Britain, France, Russia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Zimmerman Telegram
Germany started unrestricted sub warfare
Lusitania incident |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requiring all males between 21 and 30 (changed to 18 and 45 later) to register. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| WIB coordinated the nat’l economy by making purchases, allocating supplies, and fixing prices. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| duties, like setting prices and regulating distribution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forbade “false statements” against the draft or the military, and banned anti-war mails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made it illegal to obstruct the sale of war bonds and to use nasty language against the gov’t, Constitution, flag, or uniform. It was very vague, and allowed for plenty of gov’t intimidation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leader of the Socialist Party, was arrested for speaking about the freedom to criticize the gov’t |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which included self-determination, freedom of the seas, lower tariffs, arms reduction, open diplomacy, blah, blah, blah…and the League of Nations. |
|
|
Term
| 1920s Presidents were all pro-business Republicans |
|
Definition
Warren G. Harding (
Calvin Coolidge
Herbert Hoover |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which revealed that the Secretary of Interior had accepted bribes to give gov’t property to oil companies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Presidential Election of 1932 |
|
Definition
Republicans ran Hoover
Democrats picked New York Governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The repeal of Prohibition |
|
|
Term
| National Recovery Administration ( |
|
Definition
| which regulated business through establishing fair production codes, limiting production and pricing, and guaranteeing the right of workers to unionize and bargain collectively |
|
|
Term
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which gave workers the right organize unions and bargain collectively, was a big help to the labor movement, of course |
|
|
Term
| Indian Reorganization (Wheeler-Howard) Act |
|
Definition
| restored lands to tribal ownership and outlawed its future division. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased the cycle by providing more loans and reducing the yearly repayment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cuba, all treaties must have US approval, US basically controls gov’t |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made PRs US citizens, we didn’t like the idea of statehood or independence, and didn’t really give PR many of the ND programs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helped the British (and Soviets) by allowing them to borrow money to buy weapons, and the US Navy patrolled halfway to Britain to ensure delivery of the goods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FDR, Stalin & Churchill met. The main issues were:
§ The opening of a second front (the fact that they hadn’t already was annoying Stalin), which led to a decision to invade France in 1944.
§ The USSR also promised to help against Japan as soon as Germany lost. |
|
|
Term
| Dumbarton Oaks Conference |
|
Definition
| The US, GB, the USSR, and China basically talked over the details of the UN here, finally deciding on the Security Council/General Assembly we all know and love today. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§ Poland: After letting the Germans wipe out an uprising, the USSR had installed its own gov’t – but another one was still waiting in London. So it was decided that the USSR would get more territory but would (supposedly) use a coalition gov’t there.
§ Germany: They decided upon its division into four zones, and a preliminary figure for reparations (most of which would go to the USSR).
§ Stalin also promised (again) to declare war on Japan soon after Hitler lost and sign a treaty with Chiang in China (not Mao). In exchange, the USSR would get back some of the land it lost in the Russo-Japanese war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Truman replaced FDR here. They discussed….
§ Germany: They agreed on disarmament, dismantling of war industries, de-nazification, and war crimes trials.
§ Japan: Unconditional surrender.
§ Not much else was actually settled, as the spirit of unity had been broken and there was much haggling about gaining/losing territory & spheres of influence and so on… |
|
|
Term
| Office of Price Administration |
|
Definition
| went to work controlling inflation through price ceilings on commodities and rents, as well as establishing rationing through local War Price & Rationing Boards |
|
|
Term
| Office of Price Administration |
|
Definition
| went to work controlling inflation through price ceilings on commodities and rents, as well as establishing rationing through local War Price & Rationing Boards |
|
|
Term
| War Labor (Smith-Connally) Act |
|
Definition
| which gave the president authority to seize and operate plants w/strikes if needed for nat’l security, and gave the NWLB the authority to settle disputes for the duration of the war. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prohibited the closed shop (union only), permitted states to ban union-shop agreements, forbade union contributions to candidates in federal elections, forced union leaders to swear in affidavits that they were not communists, and mandated an 80 day cooling off period before carrying out strikes. |
|
|
Term
| Presidential Election of 1948 |
|
Definition
| Thomas Dewey (G-NY), Truman faced two other parties: (1) the Progressive Party, which advocated friendly relationships w/the USSR, racial desegregation, and the nationalization of basic industries and ran Henry Wallace, a New Dealer who had been fired by Truman for criticizing US foreign policy and (2) the Dixiecrats, who ran Strom Thurmond of SC and consisted of anti-civil rights Southerners. |
|
|
Term
| Presidential Election of 1952 |
|
Definition
| huge victory for war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as mass hysteria and overreaction to the idea of the Communist threat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| State Department official Alger Hiss was accused by confirmed spy Whittaker Chambers of giving him classified documents. He was defended by Truman, and ended up being convicted of perjury (not espionage). |
|
|
Term
| Julius & Ethel Rosenberg Case |
|
Definition
| The Rosenbergs were accused of passing atomic secrets to the USSR and were executed in 1953 (under Eisenhower). |
|
|
Term
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka |
|
Definition
| The NAACP challenge to school segregation succeeded on the grounds that separate facilities denied kids equal protection under the law (feeling of inferiority generated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Created the US Commission Civil Rights to investigate discrimination, but proved ineffective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pressures.” The US backed both Greece (gov’t won in 1949) and Turkey (because big US ally) as a result. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| money was sent, but it had to be spent in the US on US-made products (to stimulate our economy). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| called for “liberation” (instead of containment) & “brinksmanship” (taking the country to the edge of war and relying on MAD |
|
|
