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| Fought between Britain & the United States largely over the issues of trade & impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interest militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers. |
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| Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence & fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812. |
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| Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of Continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France. |
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| Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war. |
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| Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 & resented the strength of Southern & Western interestes in Congress & in the White House. |
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| Signed by Britain & the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870s. |
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| First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812. |
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| Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network. |
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| Popular name for the period of one-party Republican rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, & the national bank. |
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| Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb overspeculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy. |
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| Fueled the settlement of the Northwest & Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819. |
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| Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory & pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment which the perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North & South. |
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| Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North where slavery was gradually abolished & the South were slavery became increasingly entrenched. |
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| Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North & South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusetts & prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36° 30'. |
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| Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority & upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the state of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank. |
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| Legal doctrine which holds that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its Constitutionality mandated responsibilities. |
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| Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government. |
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| Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce. |
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| Established firmer protection for private property & asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution. |
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| Dartmouth College v. Woodward |
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| Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against charges proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments. |
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| Anglo-American Convention |
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| Signed by the British & the United States, the pact allowed New England fisherman access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of the Louisiana territory & provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years. |
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| Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty) |
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| Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas. |
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| Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets. |
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| Fixed the line of 54° 40' as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America. |
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| British naval general who gained early victories in the War of 1812. |
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| American naval officer who had control of forces on the Great Lakes; became a hero as a result of his victories. |
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| Commander of an American fleet who won a huge battle at Plattsburgh in the War of 1812. |
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| Wrote the Star-Spangled Banner based off of his account of the battle for Baltimore at Fort McHenry. |
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| Fourth President of the United States; gained a portion of Florida from the Spanish along with the Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon; had little control in office. |
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| British foreign secretary who tried to get the U.S. to join Britain in announcing the interests of Latin America. |
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