A group of Puritans who wanted to organize a completely separate church from the Church of England.

They left England in search of religious freedom on the Mayflower.

Plymouth - decisions made by majority rule was pledged in the Mayflower Compact.

Jamestown - colonists were garanteed the same rights that they had in England as well as rights to be represented in lawmaking.

Massachusetts - all freemen couldparticipate in yearly elections.

The Spanish approach was to conquer, rule, and intermarry. The English occupied the land and forced them to move away. The French treated them as economic and military allies.

Gerally, all Europeans viewd them as inferiors.

When Sir Berkeley, governor of Virginia, failed to protect frontier farmers from Indian attacks, impoverished farmer Nathaniel Bacon raised a volunteer army and raided Indian villages.

Berekely's government accused Bacon of rebelling against Royal authority

This rebellion highlighted the sharp class differences between rich and poor farmers, and colonial resistanve to royal control.

It was a short-lived military alliance to proved protection from Native American attacks, solve boundary disputes, and return runaway servants.

Both were restoration colonies that formed as a gift to 8 nobled who had helped Charles II gain the throne.

South Carolina became a large, rice-growing plantation colony with African slave, whereas North Carolina had few planations but was known for its democartic views.

Penn's test of his Quaker ideas in his new colony. His colony granted religious refuge, enacted liberal ideas in the government, and generated income for Penn.

Penn ruled not from afar, but came to supervise the founding of Philadelphia.

The 13th colony, which was chartered by England as a place to send debtors and a buffer zone between the Carolinas and Florida. Its proprietor was James Oglethorpe, who had a disticnt plan to help the colony thrive, including a ban on rum and the prohibition of slavery. Georgia didn't prosper.

It later became a Royal colony, and it grew slowly to be similar to South Carolina.

Mercantilist policy which established 3 rule for colonial trade:

1. Trade to and from the colonies could only be carried by English or colonial-built ships and operated only by crews of English or colonists.
2. Nearly all goods imported into the colonies could only be passed through ports in England.
3. Specified goods from the colonies could be exported only to England.

These acts had a positive effect for shipbuilding, tobacco, and gave the colonies English military protection. However, they limited colonial manufacturing and made prices go up, angering colonists.

1. Reduced migration
2. Dependable work force
3. Cheap labor

Population had increased tenfold within about 75 years. This was due to an increase in immigration and in natural birth rate.

English, Germans, Scotch-Irish, and other Europeans all immigrated to the English colonies. The largest amount of immigrants were the African slaves, who made up 20 percent of the colonial population by 1775.

The family was the economic and social center of colonial life. More people were marrying younger and having more children due to an strong economy and food supply.

Men did most work on the land, as they were the landowners. They also dominated politics.

The average colonial woman bore 8 children and performed housework, educated children, and worked with her husband. Divorce was legal but rare. Their rights were limited legally and politically.

1. New England - small farms for subsistence. Profits were mage from logging, shipbuilding, fishing, and trading.
2. Middle Colonies - rich soil produced wheat and corn for export. Average farm was 200 acres. Often, workers helped the family with farming. Some small manufacturing as well, and trading led to growth.
3. Souther Colonies - large plantations of 2,000 acres as well as small subsistence farms. Cash crops of tobacco, rice, and indigo. Increase use of slaves. Most plantations were self-sufficient.

Education was limited and varied. Males were mainly educations. In New England, the first tax-supported schools were created, and laws had requirments for schools. The Middle colonies had private and church-sponsored schools. The Southern colonies had parents decide how to educate their children.

Harvard = 1st colonial college, founded to give ministry candidates theological and scholarly education.

Yale and the College of William and Mary opened early and promoted the doctrines of religious sects.

The Great Awakening spawned the College of New Jersey, King's College, Rhode Island College, Queens College, and Dartmouth.

1. Enacted new duties on colonial imports of tea, glass and paper. These revenues would pay crown officials in the colonies, making them independent of colonial assemblies.
2. provided for the search of private homes for smuggled goods. (writ of assistance)
3. Suspended New York's assembly

Passed in response to the Boston Tea Party, they

1. Closed the port of Boston
2. Reduced the power of Massachusetts legislature and gave the royal governor more power
3. Allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England
4. Expanded the Quartering Act to apply to private homes

Group of 56 delegates from 12 colonies (all except Georgia) met in Philadelphia. They came together to act together in response to the Intolerable Acts. They met in secret.

1. The Suffolk Resolves rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for immediate repeal (British goods were boycotted).
   
2. Declaration of Rights and Greivances.
3. The Association urged every town to have a committee to enforce the Suffolk Reserves.
4. If colonial rights were not recognized, a 2nd congress would meet.
   

British General Gage sent troops to seize colonial supplies in Concord. American forces from Lexington assembled but were forced to retreat under British fire and 8 men were killed.

The British continued to Concord, where they destroyed some supplies but were attacked by militiamen on the way to Boston and lost 250 men.

Met in May 1775 and had two man groups: those who wanted to separate from England and those who wanted to negotiate a new relationship with England.

1. Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking Up Arms call on the colonies to provide troops.
2. George Washington was commander and cheif and Benedict Arnold was authorized to raid Quebec.
3. Olive Branch Petition.

Ended the Revolution in 1783.

1. Britain would recoginize the US as an independent nation.
2. Mississippi River was a Western boundary of US
3. Americans have fishing rights off Canadian coast.
4. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist land claims.

1. List of rights
2. Separation of powers (legislative, executive, judicial)
3. Voting (certain qualifications)
4. Office holding (often had to be higher qualified)

Early plan for governing the colonies. Ratified in 1781.

1. Unicameral legislature (9 f 13 states to pass laws)
2. Committee of states for when that legislature was not in session.
3. No power to collect money or levy taxes.
4. Power to wage war, make treaties, send representatives, and borrow money.

Policy of surveying and selling western lands. Provided for setting aside one section of land in each township for public education.

Revolution veteran Daniel Shays led fellow farmers in an uprising against high state taxes, debt imprisonment, and lack of paper money. They managed to close debtors courts, but Massachusetts state militia broke the rebellion.

Exemplified the weakness of the Articles of Confederation

Loyalists, usually wealthy officials or southerners in the colonies, remained faithful to the British, and even fought with them during the Revolution. Native Americans were generally Loyalists.

Patriots were agains Britain. African Americans fought for the patriots only after they were told they would be granted freedom.

• They wanted to pass the constitution (hence their name) but had to add a bill of rights in order to gain the anti-federalist states.
• believed in a strong central government and emphasized weakness of the articles
• Leaders were G. Washington, B. Franklin, J. Madison, and A. Hamilton

• Favored a weak central government to avoid tyranny
• argued that the Constitution did not list the people's rights (this argument soon went away)
• Appealed to the general distrust of the government
• Leaders were G. MAson, Patrick Henry, J. Winthrop, J. Hancock, G. Clinton

• It was added with the argument that it would protect the people from tyranny. Although the Federalists believed that it was not needed due to possible misinterpretation, they added it for support.
• It outined the rights of all citizens and was the first 10 amendments to the constitution.

• Pay off the war debt at face value and have the federal government assume state war debts.
• Protect the nation's young industries with tariffs on imported goods.
• Create a national bank for depositing government funds and for printing bank notes to provide for a stable US currency.

• Necessary and Proper clause allowed Congress to charter a national bank although Jefferson deemed it unconstitutional. Federal deposits could stimulate business. Bank was privately owned.
• Tariff rates were lower than Hamilton had wanted so he passed excise taxes to raise revenue for government debts (Whisky tax)

1. Permitted deportation of foreigners who were thought to be a threat to national security.
2. Made it illegal for people to write falsely and negatively of the government.
3. Made it more difficult to become US citizen. 

Allowed the states to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts. Written by Jefferson and Madison.

1. 1800-1816
2. Democratic-Republic
3. Supported Agriculture and policies supported it

His court, Marshall Court, refers to his time as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He was a Federalist at favored federal power over state's rights, which is contrary to Jefferson's beliefs. 

1. Doubled Size of US
2. Gained access to Port of New Orleans
3. Napoleon could not control land and he sold it to the USA

Henry Clay's plan for advancing the nation's economic growth. It inculded

1. protective tariffs
2. a national bank
3. internal improvements

a method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, owned by the Boston Manufacturing Company.

Party that strongly opposed immigration and Catholics, who were tied to the Pope. They were a radical group that believed Catholics wanted to take over America.

Came from Middle and Working class backgrounds.

The party declined when it posed to position on Slavery.

transcendentalist lecturer who told Americans not to imitate European culture but instead to create a new one. He adresesd Harvard College with "The American Scholar"

Critic of Slavery and Union supporter.

Communal experiments were when people were taken out of normal society to create an ideal community. 

• Shakers - women and men strictly sepeate, religous communal movement. Died out by mid-1900s.
• New Harmony -  founded by Robert Owen who had hoped to get an answer to the problems of the Industrial Revolution.
• Oneida Community - John H Noyes started this controversial community which had "free love".

First attempt to organize all workers in all states of all skill levels and industries. It had goals of higher wages and the eight-hour day, equal rights for women and blacks, monetary reform, and worker cooperatives.

Lost support in 1870s.

Second national labor union, open to all workers. Wanted

1. worker cooperatives
2. abolition of child labor
3. abolition of trusts and monopolies

Violent Haymarket riot in Chicago turned people against the Union.

"Invented" by Henry Clay and Frederick Douglas. 

1.  CA came in as a free state.
2. Texas boundary kept at present limits but Texas given $10 million in compensation for loss of territory to New Mexico.
3.   New Mexico and Utah territories to be decided by popular sovereignty.
4.  Slave trade banned in Washington DC.
5.  A new harsher fugitive slave law.

1. He got rid of the national bank and had "Pet banks", state banks with treasury funds. 
2. Specie Circular 
3. His screw ups and use of veto power made him unpopular by the end of his presidency. 

•            The Whigs favored an economy helped by an active central gov’t, corporations, a nat’l bank, and paper currency. They also supported reform – they were generally more enterprising and optimistic than the Democrats were. Whigs supporters were generally evangelical Protestants, Methodists, or Baptists – and were usually American-born or free black.
•     The Democrats favored limited central gov’t and were afraid of concentrated power. Democrat supporters were generally foreign-born Catholics, or non-evangelical Protestants. 

got the US California, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and the RG Texas border and got Mexico a very pathetic reparations payment of $15 million. 

a proposed amendment that made slavery illegal in any territories taken from Mexico. Wilmot wasn’t really an abolitionist – it was more self-interest b/c her worried the spread of slavery would hurt labor by free whites and deny them their rights to work [also anti-Slave Power]. 

Kentucky Senator’s last ditch effort to avoid secession; he wanted a constitutional amendment to guarantee the Missouri Compromise’s terms. However, Lincoln could not accept because it went against republican views of slavery. 

this was a slogan by James K. Polk (Democratic Nominee), who supported he entire annexation of Oregon. However, once he was president, Polk ended up compromising and Oregon was split between Britain and the U.S. at the 49^th parallel. 

this was a final attempt to get Cuba from Spain, and president Peirce sent 3 American diplomats to secretly purchase Cuba, which he would make a slave territory. The manifesto was leaked and antislavery members of Congress forced his to end the scheme. 

the South believed that since the rest of the world was so dependent on their cotton, Europe would have to assist them in Civil War, and thus, the South could win. This proved false. 

a.     the federal government has implied power to create a national bank (used to create Second National Bank). Also, a state cannot tax the federal government. 

they wanted slavery to stay where it was and let the West be a land of opportunity for whites so that they don’t have to compete for labor.  

                                          General-in-chief Winfield Scott’s plan to blockade the South during the Civil War, by blocking their Atlantic ports and advancing down the Mississippi River, splitting the South in two. 

a.     13^th Amendment – abolished slavery and involuntary servitude (unless as a punishment for crime)

b.     14^th Amendment –1868, all people born in the U.S. are citizens, and the states had to respect the rights of its citizens.

c.     15^th Amendment – 1869, congress passed it; it said that no state can deny a citizen its right to vote based on race color, or and previous condition of servitude. 

Merrimack (Confederacy) v. Monitor (Union)

once 10% of a state’s population as established by the 1860 election took an oath of loyalty they could establish a gov’t. This went with Lincoln's policy of leniency to get the South back into the Union. 

demanded that, to be readmitted, states had to have: (1) a majority of white citizens participating in the new gov’t, (2) all voters/delegates under an oath declaring they never helped the Confederates, and (3) no votes for lieutenants and above and officials.    

was not passed

• Supreme Court ruled against reconstruction in various cases (ex. Bradwell v. Illinois where it was said that 14th amendment didn't protect against sexism).
• after 15th amendment, people gave up and saw it as "complete"
• laws were not easily enforced.
• white supremism in the Democratic Party.
• Johnson opposed congress reconstruction policies and slowed the whole process down before Grant.

Basically, pools were “Gentlemen’s Agreements” between companies that set limits on production and agreed to the sharing of profits.

They were outlawed by the late 1880s and had become pretty useless anyhow.

• devaluation of skill
• women and child labor to save money
• decreased independence, as workers had little control

• Steffen’s The Shame of the Cities (1904),
• Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906),
• Ida Tarbell [Standard Oil]

1. Hepburn Act (1906), which gave the ICC more authority to set RRD rates.
   
2. TR investigated the meat industry [Sinclair’s The Jungle] and subsequently supported the Meat Inspection Act (1906) and the Food and Drug Act (1906). 
3. In both areas, however, TR compromised rather than risk not gaining anything.

• Newlands Reclamation Act (1902), which controlled sales of irrigated land in the West.
• National Parks
  
• US Forest Service w/Gifford Pinchot, who advocated scientific management to prevent overuse.

established another nat’l bank and district banks [regulated by the Federal Reserve Board] that would lend $ to member banks at rates that could be adjusted to increase/decrease the $ in circulation – loosen/tighten credit

Wilson's presidency