Term
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Definition
-"Father of Experimental Psychology"
-first psychology lab in 1879 |
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Definition
-Bobo doll experiment (observational learning)
-Observational learning requires attention, memory, imitation, motivation |
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Definition
-"Father of Psychoanalysis"
-Concepts of repression and the unconscious (early childhood experiences) |
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Definition
-Russian physiologist
-father of classical conditioning |
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Definition
-Behaviorist
-Developed operant conditioning |
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Definition
-"Father of Behaviorism"
-"Little Albert" |
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Definition
-German psychologist
-pioneer in the study of memory, discovered the "forgetting curve" |
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Definition
-"Gestalt Psychology"
-German |
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Term
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Definition
-British Psychologist
-father of structuralism |
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Term
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Definition
| early perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| early perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, and play |
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Term
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Definition
| early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly in the perception of patterns and whole figures |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it |
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Term
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Definition
| the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only |
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Term
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Definition
| system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are minimal |
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Definition
| Observing behavior of animals/people in their normal environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Observing behavior in a controlled environment |
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Definition
| a study of one individual in great detail |
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Term
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Definition
| asking a series of questions about the topic of study. good way of getting private information or a great quantity of data |
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Definition
| a measure of the relationship between two variables |
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Term
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Definition
| a number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and direction of a correlation |
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Term
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Definition
| variable in an experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter |
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Term
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Definition
| variable in an experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects in an experiment who are subjected to the independent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| process of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group |
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Term
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Definition
| the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group |
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Term
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Definition
| study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental group |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system |
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Term
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Definition
| tubelike structure that carries the neural message to other cells |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, influence information processing, and, during prenatal development, influence the generation of new neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse |
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Term
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Definition
| the release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon |
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Term
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Definition
| rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals |
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Term
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Definition
| saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob, containing chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, has an effect on the next cell |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a long bundle of neurons that carries messages between the body and the brain and is responsible for very fast, lifesaving reflexes |
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Term
| afferent (sensory) neuron |
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Definition
| a neuron that carries information from the senses to the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron that carries messages from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives information from the afferent neurons and sends commands to the muscles through the efferent neurons. these also make up the bulk of the neurons in the brain |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| all nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all of the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| the first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| the larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal |
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Term
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Definition
| an area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and the pons and slightly beyond that play a role in general arousal, alertness, and sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to its proper area |
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Term
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Definition
| small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex |
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Term
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Definition
| curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for the location of objects |
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Term
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Definition
| brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input |
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Term
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Definition
| section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers for the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech |
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Term
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Definition
| area of the brain in the left frontal lobe which allows a person to speak smoothly and fluently |
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Term
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Definition
| are of the brain in the left temporal lobe which is involved in the understanding of words' meanings |
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Term
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Definition
| gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands |
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Term
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Definition
| endocrine gland located near the base of cerebrum; secretes melatonin |
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Term
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Definition
| endocrine gland found in the neck; regulates metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| this occurs when special receptors in the sense organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the body senses consisting of the skin senses, the kinesthetic sense, and the vestibular sense |
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Term
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Definition
| the sensations of touch, pressure, temperature and pain (TPTP) |
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Term
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Definition
| sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the sensations of movement, balance, and body position |
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Term
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Definition
| the method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of distance |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background |
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Term
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Definition
| visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related |
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Term
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Definition
| cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other |
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Term
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Definition
| perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases |
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Term
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Definition
| the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away |
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Term
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Definition
| as a monocular cue, the brain's use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away |
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Term
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Definition
| cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of pre-existing knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole |
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Term
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Definition
| the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception |
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Term
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Definition
| a person's awareness of everything that is going on around him/her at any given moment, which is used to organize behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in concentration and irritability |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream |
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Term
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Definition
| any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM |
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Term
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Definition
| hypnagogic images and hypnic jerks occur in this stage. theta waves are released |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep spindles occur in this stage. theta waves are released |
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Term
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Definition
| deep sleep, delta waves released (20-50%) |
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Term
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Definition
| deep sleep, delta waves released (50+%) |
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Term
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Definition
| long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| small, fast brain waves indicating an alert, awake state |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively rare disorder in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep without waking fully |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| symbols in a dream that express the dream's true meaning |
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Term
| activation-synthesis hypothesis |
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Definition
| explanation that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods |
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Term
| activation-information-mode model (AIM) |
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Definition
| revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams |
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Term
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Definition
| state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| condition occurring when a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug |
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Term
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Definition
| physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems |
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Term
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Definition
| the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs including hallucinogens and marijuana that produce hallucinations or increased feelings of relaxation and intoxication |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulants that are synthesized in laboratories rather than being found in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| a natural drug derived from the leaves of the cocoa plant |
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Term
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Definition
| the active ingredient in tobacco (stimulant) |
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Term
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Definition
| a mild stimulant found in coffee, tea, and several other plant-based substances |
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Term
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Definition
| depressant drugs that have a sedative effect |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter |
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Term
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Definition
| narcotic drug derived from opium, used to treat severe pain |
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Term
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Definition
| narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive |
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Term
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Definition
| a derivative of opium that does not produce the euphoric high of morphine and heroin |
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Term
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Definition
| powerful synthetic hallucinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects |
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Term
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Definition
| designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects |
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Term
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Definition
| natural hallucinogen derived from the peyote cactus buttons |
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Term
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Definition
| mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant |
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Term
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Definition
| learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex |
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Term
| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response |
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Term
| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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Definition
| an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in CC) or the removal of a reinforcer (in OC) |
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Term
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Definition
| the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred |
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Term
| higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
| occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person |
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Term
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Definition
| the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses |
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Term
| Thorndike's Law of Effect |
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Definition
| law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence it will tend to be repeated. (vice versa) |
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Term
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Definition
| the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again |
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Term
| partial reinforcement effect |
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Definition
| the tendency for a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses to be very resistant to extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| the reinforcement of each and every correct response |
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Term
| fixed interval schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same |
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Term
| variable interval schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event |
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Term
| fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same |
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Term
| variable ratio schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event |
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Term
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Definition
| learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful |
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Term
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Definition
| an active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the info from storage |
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Term
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Definition
| the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems |
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Term
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Definition
| holding onto information for some period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used |
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Term
| information processing model |
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Definition
| model of memory that assumes that processing of information for memory storage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages |
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Term
| parallel distributed processing (PDP) model |
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Definition
| a model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections |
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Term
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Definition
| the very first stage of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems |
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Term
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Definition
| visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second |
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Term
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Definition
| the brief memory of something a person has just heard |
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Term
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Definition
| the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input |
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Term
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Definition
| an active system that processes the information in short-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| combining bits of information into meaningful units in order to hold more in the short term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| test in which a series of numbers is read to subjects who are then asked to recall the numbers in order |
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Term
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Definition
| capacity of short term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently |
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Term
| procedural (non-declarative) memory |
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Definition
| type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses. These memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| type of long term memory containing information that is conscious and known |
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Term
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Definition
| memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness such as procedural memory |
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Term
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Definition
| type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events |
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Term
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Definition
| memory that is consciously known, such as declarative memory |
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Term
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Definition
| model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus for remembering |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for memory of information to be improved if related information (such as surroundings or physiological state) available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved |
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Term
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Definition
| type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be "pulled" from memory with very few external cues |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact |
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Term
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Definition
| a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to process information into memory |
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Term
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Definition
| spacing the study of material to be remembered by including breaks between study periods |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used |
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Term
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Definition
| memory retrieval problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information |
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Term
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Definition
| memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma, backwards, or loss of memory for the past |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma onwards, or loss of the ability to make new memories |
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