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| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| A main subdivision of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord. |
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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| A main subdivision of the nervous system that consists of the somatic nervous system and the automatic nervous system. |
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| A subdivision of the PNS that regulates voluntary control of skeletal muscles. |
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| A subdivision of the PNS that usually operates on its own to control glands and the muscles of internal organs (for example your heart beat). It is subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. |
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| Sympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| A subdivision of the Automatic Nervous System that controls your response to stress. (For example it raises your heart rate and breathing rate among other reactions.) |
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| Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Definition
| A subdivision of the Automatic Nervous System that calms the body after stress. (For example it would lower your heart rate and breathing rate among other reactions.) |
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| The part of the brain that regulates the heart's rhythm, blood flow, breathing, digestion, and vomiting. It operates in contralateral (opposite side) control. |
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| The part of the brain that includes a portion of the reticular formation and is important in arousal. |
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| The part of the brain that controls motor functions and balance. It takes information from the inner ear about positioning to help maintain balance. |
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| The part of the brain that is the relay station for sensory neural pathways. It transports audio and visual information to and from the cerebral cortex. Some of the nuclei are involved in emotion. |
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| The part of the brain that controls automatic functions with the sympathetic and parasympathetic centers in the Medulla. It sets appetite drives for hunger, thirst, and sexual desire. It sets emotional states with the endocrine system by controlling hormones released by the pituitary gland. |
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| The part of the brain that controls aggression and fear. This part of the brain is also important in forming sensory memories. |
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| The part of the brain that enables the formation of new long term memories. |
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| The part of the brain that receives and processes sensory information, movement, and thinking/planning/judgement. It consists of the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe, the frontal lobe, and the temporal lobe. |
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| Part of the cerebral cortex that processes vision. The left side of the brain processes the right field of vision and the right side of the brain processes the left field of vision. |
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| Part of the cerebral cortex containing the somatosensory cortex for touch sensation. |
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| Part of the cerebral cortex that initiates movement with the skeletal muscles. |
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| Part of the cerebral cortex that processes auditory information from both ears. |
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| Part of the frontal lobe (the left frontal lobe) controlling the production of speech. |
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| Part of the temporal lobe (in the left temporal lobe) that understands language and makes meaningful sentences. |
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| The ability of the brain, if damaged, to move the function of the damaged area to another part of the brain. |
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| The "peaks" in the surface of the cortex. |
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| The "valleys" in the surface of the cortex. |
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| A system that contains the hippocampus, the amygdala, the cingulated cortex, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus. It controls emotional behavior and some aspects of memory and vision. |
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Definition
| These cells guide the growth of neurons. They also give nutrition to neurons, and get rid of wastes of the neuron. They form the myelin sheath. |
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Definition
The basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system. It has three functions:
1. Receive information
2. Process information
3. Transmit information to the rest of the body |
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Definition
| In a neuron, it contains cytoplasm and directs the synthesis of neurotransmitters among other things. |
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Definition
| In a neuron, it receives information. |
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| In a neuron, it is a conducting fiber that transports an electric signal to the axon terminals. |
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| In a neuron, the glial cells that cover the axon. |
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| A chemical stored in structures called synaptic vesicles. |
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter that controls the contraction of skeletal muscles, regulates the heart's contractions, is involved in memory, and transmits from the brain to the spinal cord (CNS). |
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| A neurotransmitter that stimulates the hypothalamus, synthesizes hormones, and regulates alertness and movement. A lack of this neurotransmitter is linked with Parkinson's disease. |
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| A neurotransmitter that regulates concentration, attention, moods, and emotion. |
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| A neurotransmitter that inhibits the firing of neurons. |
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Definition
| When a net flow of sodium ions in a cell causes the potential to change across the cell membrane. If the stimulation is not strong enough, the neuron will not fire. The strength of the action potential is constant whenever it occurs. (This is called the all or none principle.) |
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| The small area between neurons. Neurotransmitters are released into it and attach to receptor sites on the membranes of dendrites. |
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| Excitatory Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| These neurotransmitters cause neurons on the other side of the synapse to generate an action potential. |
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| These neurotransmitters prevent neural impulses from firing. |
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| Neurons that cary impulses from sensory receptors to the spinal cord. |
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| Neurons that are in the brain and spinal cord that cary impulses between sensory and motor neurons. |
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| Neurons that cary impulses to muscle cells that cause gland cells to secrete. |
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| The "master gland" that produces stimulating hormones and promote secretion by glands including TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), ADH (retains water in body), HGH (human growth hormone), and ACTH (stimulates the adrenal cortex). |
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Definition
| Produces steroid hormones (the stress hormone), epinephrine, and nonepinephrine. (Epinephrine and nonepinephrine prepare the body for fight or flight.) |
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| Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar and fuel the behavioral process. |
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| A method of scanning the brain that sends x-rays through the brain at different angels, resulting in computer imaging of the extent of a lesion (destruction of brain tissue). Shows the structure of the brain. |
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| A method of scanning the brain where magnetic fields and radio waves measure the density of brain tissue. |
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| A method of scanning the brain that transmits signals about the brain's electrical activity. |
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| A method of scanning the brain where color graphics show the amount of metabolic and neural activity in the brain. |
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| A method of scanning the brain that measures changes in oxygen and blood flow in the working brain. |
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| The two methods of scanning the brain that show the brain's structure: |
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