Term
| What are Neurons and Dendrites? |
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Definition
| Dendrites conduct electrical currents towards the cell body.Neurons are nerve cells that have ability to conduct nerve impulses from one part of the body to another. |
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Term
| How does one remove acetylcholine from synapse? |
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Definition
| AcetylcholinesteraseA synapse is an electrical switching center in the body’s nervous system, in which a muscle is being directed by a nerve to move. An electrical signal, or nerve impulse, is conducted by acetylcholine across the junction between the nerve and muscle (the synapse) making the muscle to move. Normally after the muscle has moved, acetylcholinesterase is released which breaks down the acetylcholine terminating the stimulation of the muscle. |
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Term
| How is white matter arranged in CNS? |
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Definition
| White matter- axons covered with a myelin sheath, giving it a white appearance. It is arranged as masses of long fibers that carry nerve impulses to and from the spinal cord. White matter is located deep to the gray matter, deep to the cerebrum, and arranged in fiber tracts. |
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Term
| Where does the knee-jerk response have its reflex center? |
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Definition
| Gray matter of spinal cord. L-2 –L-4 |
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Term
| Which Cranial Nerve goes to the lateral rectus eye muscle? |
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Definition
| Abducens – Cranial Nerve VI |
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Term
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Definition
| By blood and secretion from the choroid plexuses of the cerebral ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood cells, proteins, urea, and glucose. |
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Term
| What does medulla oblongata control? |
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Definition
It controls ANS fx's such as: Respiration Blood pressure, Heart rate Swallowing Stretch tendons in joints and muscles Coughing, sneezing, vomiting and defacation +hiccuping
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Term
| How many lobes does the cerebrum contain? |
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Definition
| Five (5) Frontal, temporal, occipital, parietal, insula |
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Term
| Where does Parkinson’s occur in the brain? |
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Definition
| In the substantia nigriaIn midbrain, an extension of the dopamine to the neuron. |
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Term
| Where would you NOT find white matter? |
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Definition
| There is NO white matter in the cerebral cortex, the cerebrum, or cerebellum |
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Term
| The major nerve if the Lumbar Plexus is: |
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Definition
| Femoral Nerve and cutaneous branches |
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Term
| What does trochlear nerve do? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ventral root of a spinal nerve is involved in what? |
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Definition
| Efferent (motor) involve the ventral root of spinal nerve and go toward skeletal muscle. |
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Term
| What kind of nerves carry impulses toward the CNS? |
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Definition
| (Sensory) Afferent nerves involve the dorsal roots of the spinal cord |
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Term
| The peripheral ganglia of the parasympathetic NS are located…. |
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Definition
| In and around the walls of the target organs |
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Term
| How long are the post ganglionic fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the beta blocker do? |
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Definition
| Beta blockers block the action of catecholamines (epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in particular), on β-adrenergic receptors, part of the sympathetic nervous system which mediates the "fight or flight" response.They are a class of drugs used for various indications, but particularly for the management of cardiac arrhythmias and cardioprotection after an MI, also treat Hypertension. |
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Term
| Incoming light strikes which structure first? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the Fovea Centralis and what does it do? |
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Definition
| Located in the center of the macula lutea region of the retina. It is the center of visual acuity |
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Term
| What are the 4 refractive media of the eye? |
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Definition
| Cornea ® aqueous humor ® lens ® vitreous humor |
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Term
| What is the basic functional unit of hearing? |
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Definition
| Spiral organs of corti located in the cochlea |
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Term
| In the inner ear, sound waves move through what medium? |
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Definition
| Perilymph and Endolymph fluid |
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Term
| Different image focusing problems: |
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Definition
| Myopia – short visionHyperopia – far visionAstigmatism – focus all light rays @ same time.correct w/cylindrical lensPresbyopia – age related. Correct w/bifocal |
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Term
| How is the aqueous humor drained? |
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Definition
| directing channel out of the anterior chamber; and draining aqueous humor through the tubular (trabecular meshwork) body to reduce intraocular pressure in the living eye. |
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Term
| Where and how is conduction deafness caused? |
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Definition
| Conductive deafness is caused by the failure of the three tiny bones inside the middle ear to pass along sound waves to the inner ear. Another common cause of conductive deafness is the failure of the eardrum to vibrate in response to sound waves. |
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Term
| What causes glaucoma and what structures are involved? |
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Definition
| Most types of glaucoma are caused by elevated intraocular pressures, which are the pressures within your eyes. Lens and cornea are the structures involved. |
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Term
| What do the rods and cones do? |
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Definition
| Rods- peripheral vision Cones- give light, color, and vision color – important in dim light and straight ahead vision. |
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Term
| Where are the receptors for the hearing located? |
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Definition
| Inner ear. Cochlea, and hair cells in the organ of corti. |
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Term
| What do the meibomian glands produce? |
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Definition
| The meibomian glands are a special kind of sebaceous glands at the rim of the eyelids, responsible for the supply of sebum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film, prevents tear spillage onto the cheek, and makes the closed lids airtight. |
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Term
What is static equilibrium and where are the receptors located? |
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Definition
| Static equilibrium helps to keep our body informed of the position of our head in space (e.g., up or down), whereas dynamic equilibrium helps us to orient ourselves to the three planes of space in which our bodies move. They act together to keep us balanced and “on an even keel.” Static equilibrium is the structure that detects the linear acceleration of the head. The gravity receptor that responds to the linear acceleration of the head is called maculae which is located in the inner ear. |
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Term
| Which of our sense organs are connected to the trigeminal and olfactory nerves? |
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Definition
| The trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve, is responsible for sensation in the face. The tregeminal nerve is a sensory nerve, but it also has certain motor functions (biting, chewing and swallowing). EYES, SKIN, TONGUE, MOUTH. THE OLFACTORY NERVE- located in the mucosa of the nasal cavity, this nerve deals with the olfactory sense (smell) via the |
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Term
| What is the function of visceroceptors? |
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Definition
| Visceroceptors, which are located in blood vessels and viscera, provide information about the internal environment. This information arises from within the body and may be felt as pain, taste, fatigue, hunger, thirst and nausea |
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Term
| Which cranial nerve controls most of the eye muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does fertilization normally occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does testosterone do? |
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Definition
- · Stimulate formation of male reproductive organs,· male growth spurts, sex glands, · changing of voice (deeper)· Addition of skeletal mass, hair growth.· Spermatogenesis can’t take place w/o it.
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulates ovarian follicles and production of estrogen.In male; stimulate sperm production. Also in males, this hormone makes cells sensitive to testosterone. |
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Term
| Where is progesterone secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What initiates menstruation? |
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Definition
| Declining estrogen levels cause the endometrium to detach from the uterine wall and this causes bleeding once a month. |
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Term
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Definition
| In females, LH triggers puberty, ovulation and stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone. |
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Term
| What would low levels of LH do in males? |
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Definition
| Low levels of LH in men signals the testes to produce less testosterone., prevents sexual maturity ... Older men generally have lower testosterone levels than younger men do. |
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Term
| Where is estrogen secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In women, a Positive feedback response that brings about contractions continuously until baby is fully born. Also stimulates prolactin levels, specifically the let-down reflex of mammary apparatus. |
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Term
| What do high estrogen levels result in? |
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Definition
| *Causes pituitary to secrete more hormones. * Water Retention
* Fatigue
* Breast Swelling
* Fibrocystic Breasts
* PMS-like symptoms
* Loss of sex drive
* Uterine Fibroids
* Craving for Sweets
* Weight Gain |
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Term
| Differences between Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis |
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Definition
| Spermatogenesis – Males’ only, occurs in seminiferous tubules, begins at puberty.Oogenesis – occurs in females only. Production of egg begins in the fetus, gametes are converted to primary oocytes before birth,. At puberty, primary oocytes become secondary oocytes, which get released as an ovum, once a month. |
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Term
| How is the primitive streak formed? |
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Definition
| Epiblast moves inward & upwards |
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Term
| What happens during gastrulation? |
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Definition
| Change from the two-layer disc to the formation of 3 germ layers. Rearrangement and migration of cells. |
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Term
| What does implantation involve? |
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Definition
| · BEGINS 6-7 days following ovulation, given a proper endometrium, implantation occurs. Usually complete by the 12th day. · Estrogen and Progesterone levels remain high in the blood.· Blastocyst attaches, burrows into uterine wall.HCG secretion begins |
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Term
| What happens during weeks 13-16? |
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Definition
| Bones +joints become distinct.Cerebellum is forming, sense organ starts to differentiate, Glands in intestinal tract begin to develop. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fetus curls into the “fetal position”. Fine white hair called “lanugo” covers skin, limbs are in proper proportion. |
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Term
| What does Trophoblast form? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus. |
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Term
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Definition
| carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta in the umbilical cord |
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Term
| What is Allantois and what does it become? |
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Definition
| Becomes an umbilical cord |
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Term
| What is the sequence of pre-embryonic structures? |
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Definition
- Fertilized egg
- Zygote
- Blastomere
- Morula (72 hrs after fert blastulation)
- Blastocyst
- Gastrulation
- somite
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Term
| What structures originate in the yolk sac? |
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Definition
| RBC’s, blood vessels, the primitive gut/ digestive tube |
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