Term
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Definition
| the area between the Mississippi River and Pacific Coast prior to 1880. |
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Term
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Definition
| gold rush in CA, etc. After a discovery of gold, placer mining was first. Then deep-shaft mining by the wealthy. Boomtown would spring up, then become ghost towns. Many miners foreign-born; discrimination. debate over gold/silver-backed currency, environmental scars. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nevada. Produced $340 million in gold, responsible for Nevada entering the union. |
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Term
| Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) |
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Definition
| prohibited immigration to US by Chinese laborers; first law to restrict immigration on race/nationality. |
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Term
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Definition
| cattles driven from Texas to Canada by vaqueros |
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Term
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Definition
| drove cattle. Most were black or Mexican. Dangerous work, received about $1/day |
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Term
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Definition
| helped close down cattle frontier when homesteaders used it to block off property. |
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Term
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Definition
| people were drawn west due to Homestead Act, promotions of railroads and land spectators |
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Term
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Definition
| once set aside for Native Americans but opened for settlement in 1889 |
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Term
| Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis |
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Definition
| closing of frontier would cause America to follow strict class divisions, people couldn't have a fresh start anymore. He said before, the frontier stood for independence and individualism. |
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Term
| Native American Reservations |
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Definition
| in 1851, govt. began assigning Native Americans to reservations. Most Plains tribes ignored the boundaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| US vs. Plains tribes. Sand Creek Massacre of Cheyenne women and children. Sioux War. |
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Term
| Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse |
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Definition
| led the second Sioux War, destroyed Custer @ Little Big Horn. |
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Term
| George Custer at Little Big Horn |
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Definition
| Army was destroyed by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse |
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Term
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Definition
| tried to lead a band of Nez Perce into Canada but failed and had to surrender |
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Term
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Definition
| written by Helen Hunt Jackson, talked about injustices done to Native Americans. |
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Term
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Definition
| wanted to assimilate Native Americans, emphasized education and conversion to Christianity. |
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Term
| Dawes Severalty Act (1887) |
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Definition
| designed to break up tribal organizations, which people felt kept Native Americans from becoming law-abiding citizens. Divided tribal lands into plots of 160 acres or less. Land was often sold to whites. |
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Term
| Ghost Dance movement (1890) |
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Definition
| religious movement to resist white domination and drive them from their ancestral lands. Sitting Bull killed. US also killed 200 at Wounded Knee. |
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Term
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Definition
| US gunned down 200+ men, women, and children supressing the Ghost Dance movement. |
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Term
| Indian Reorganization Act (1934) |
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Definition
| promoted reestablishment of tribal organization and culture. |
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Term
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Definition
a Massachusetts Republican senator. was a reservationist regarding the Treaty of Versailles/League of Nations, direct contract to Woodrow Wilson. |
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Term
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Definition
would not agree with US membership in the League of Nations no matter what. A dozen Republican senators. |
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Term
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Definition
led by Senator Lodge. Would agree with the League of Nations is certain reservations were added to the covenant clause. |
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Term
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Definition
| anti-communist hysteria. Fueled by growing fears of socialism (from the communist takeover of Russia) and labor unrest at home. |
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Term
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Definition
| Palmer established a special commission to investigate radicals after a series of unexplained bombings. Mass arrests of anarchists, Socialists, and labor agitators. Many sspects were foreign-born and were deported. Scare faded quickly, Palmer lost credibility after he predicted huge riots that never occured. |
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Term
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Definition
| an outspoken radical who was deported during the Palmer raids |
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Term
| strikes and race riots during late 1910s/early 1920s |
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Definition
series of strikes caused people not to trust unions. shipyard strike in Seattle. Boston police strike. U.S. Steel Corporation strike. African Americans moving North caused racial tension. Riots erupted in East St. Louis and Chicago. |
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Term
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Definition
Republican, campaign phrase: "A return to normalcy" -Harding made a few good choices but some bad ones too, scandals similar to Ulysses S. Grant's. (Teapot Dome) |
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Term
| Fordney McCumber Tariff Act of 1922 |
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Definition
increase in tariff rates, signed into law by Harding |
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Term
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Definition
| all government expenditures placed in a single budget for Congress to vote on |
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Term
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Definition
Harding's Republican vice president, later became President. -Believed in limited government Vetoed a lot of bills, even though passed by the Republican majority. |
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Term
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Definition
Republican, ran against Al Smith. won by a landslide was later blamed for the Great Depression |
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Term
| business prosperity, Henry Ford, open shop, assembly line, welfare capitalism |
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Definition
-prosperity went from 1922-1928 -Henry Ford manufactured automobiles using the assembly line. -open shop: keeping jobs open to nonunion workers -welfare capitalism: offering employees improved benefits so they wouldn't want to organize unions |
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Term
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Definition
jazz was brought north by African American musicians new and modern |
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Term
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Definition
cars, refrigerators, radios, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, etc. -people could buy goods on credit. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| advocate of women's rights and birth control |
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Term
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Definition
took historical and critical view of certain passages in the Bible -believed they could accept Darwin's theory of evolution without abandoning religion |
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Term
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Definition
every word in the Bible must be accepted as literally true -believed in creationism |
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Term
| revivalists; Billy Sunday; Aimee Semple McPherson |
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Definition
| preached fundamentalist messages using the radio |
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Term
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Definition
-phrase coined by Gertrude Stein -writers include F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemmingway, Eugene O'Neill, Sinclair Lewis, T.S. Eliotr |
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Term
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Definition
many famous writers, actors, artists, and musicians lived there -Langston Hughes, Claude McKay -Jazz age: Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong |
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Term
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Definition
| established a back-to-Africa movement |
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Term
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Definition
Scopes arrested for teaching the theory of evolution in a high school bio class Clarence Darrow defended Scopes, William Jennings Bryan represented the fudamentalists |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| organized crime during the 1920s |
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Definition
people defied the 18th amendment (Prohibition) -Gangs gained a lot from the bootlegging trade |
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Term
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Definition
| Italian immigrants who were convicted of robbery and murder. Liberals said that they were convicted only because they were poor immigrants and anarchists. Were executed in 1927. |
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Term
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Definition
-Washington Conference of 1921. Resulted in the 5 Power Treaty and The Four Power Treaty and the Nine Power Treaty. -ratios with regards to warships, respecting territory in the Pacific, respecting Open Door Policy in China |
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Term
| Kellog-Briand Treaty of 1928 |
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Definition
| renounced the aggresive use of force to achieve national ends. Was ineffective because it permitted defensive wars and failed to provide for taking action against violators of the agreement |
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Term
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Definition
| established cycle of payments flowing for US to Germany to Allies. |
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Term
| causes of the Great Depression |
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Definition
| uneven distribution of income, stock market speculation, excessive use of credit, overproduction of consumer goods, weak farm economy, government polices, and global economic problems |
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Term
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 |
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Definition
highest tariffs in history -31% - 49% -European countries then set their own high tariffs and it ended up hurting trade for all nations |
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Term
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Definition
-Hoover -authorized to stablize prices by temporarily holding surplus grain and cotton in storage -to modest to handle continued overproduction of farm goods |
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Term
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) |
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Definition
-emergency loans to key businesses such as railroads and banks, thought was that benefits would "trickle down" to smaller companies
-Hoover |
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Term
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Definition
-WWI vets demanded their pension early. -Congress failed to pass bill, violence with police. -Hoover ordered the use of tear gas to break up the veteran's encampment. Hoover regarded as heartless and uncaring |
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Term
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Definition
-lame duck amendment shorted the time between election and inauguration |
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Term
| The 3 R's of the New Deal |
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Definition
1. Relief for people out of work 2. Recovery for businesses and the economy 3. Reform of American economic institutions |
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Term
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) |
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Definition
| guaranteed individual bank deposits up to $5,000 |
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Term
| Public Works Administration (PWA) |
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Definition
| -directed by Harold Ickes, alloted money to state and local governments for building roads, dams, bridges, source of thousands of jobs |
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Term
| Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) |
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Definition
| emplyed young men on federal lands and paid their families a small monthly sum |
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Term
| Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) |
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Definition
| hired people to build dams and operate electric power plants, then sold electricity to residents of the region at a low rate |
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Term
| National Recovery Administration (NRA) |
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Definition
set codes for wages, hours of work, levels of production, and prices of finished goods -gave workers ability to bargain collectively. -Declared unconstitutional by Schechter v. US |
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Term
| Securities and Exchange Commission |
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Definition
| regulate the stock market and place strict limits of speculative practices |
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Term
| Federal Housing Administration (FHA) |
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Definition
insured bank loans for building new houses and repairing old ones -gave construction industry and homeowners a boost |
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Term
| Works Progress Administration (WPA) |
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Definition
employed 3.4 million -included national youth administration |
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Term
| Wagner Act (aka National Labor Relations Act of 1935) |
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Definition
replaced unconstitutional National Industrial Recovery Act. -workers right to join a union and bargain collectively. -outlawed labor practices that were unfair |
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Term
| Committee of Industrial Organizations (CIO) |
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Definition
leader was John L. Lewis broke away from the American Federation of Labor |
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Term
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Definition
| minimum wage, maximum workweek, child-labor restrictions |
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Term
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Definition
Japenese aggression, established a puppet government -League of Nations did nothing but condemn Japan, Japan left League of Nations |
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Term
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Definition
| US would honor treaty obligations under the 9 Power Treaty and refuse to recognize the legitimacy of an Manchukuo like govt established |
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Term
| good neighbor policy (World War II-era) |
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Definition
towards Latin America dollar diplomacy no longer made sense, wanted protection in defending region from potential danger Pan-American conferences |
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Term
| Tydings McDuffie Act of 1934 |
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Definition
| Phillipines would become free |
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Term
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Definition
idea that people should glorify their own nation and race through an aggressive show of force Mussolini (Italy) Hitler (Germany) Nationlists in Japan |
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Term
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Definition
belligerent could buy arms if they used cash and their own ships strongly favored Britain |
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Term
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Definition
| came after Reconstruction, vision included a self-sufficient Southern econonmy built on modern capitalistic views, industrial growth, and improved transporation |
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Term
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Definition
| farmers borrowed supplies from local merchants with a lien, or mortgage, to be paid back when the crop was harvested. Made farmers become almost like slaves |
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Term
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Definition
promoted growing of peanuts, soybeans, and sweet potatoes
-worked at the Tuskegee Institute |
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Term
| Farmers' Southern Alliance/Colored Farmers' National Alliance |
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Definition
| wanted political reforms to solve farmers' economic problems |
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Term
| Civil Rights Cases of 1883 |
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Definition
| Supreme Court ruled that Congress couldn't legislate against racial discrimination practiced by private businesses and citizens |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| grandfather clause, poll taxes, literacy tests |
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Definition
| ways to keep African-Americans from voting |
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Term
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Definition
| formed the International Migration Society in 1894 to help African blacks to emigrate to Africa |
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Term
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Definition
| editor of the Memphis Free Speech, a black newspaper. Worked against lynching and Jim Crow Laws |
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Term
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Definition
| established the Tuskegee Institute |
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Term
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Definition
tried to fight against the middlemen, trusts, and railroads
-established cooperatives run by farmers to save costs associated with middlemen
- successfully passed laws but were later struck down by the Supreme Court |
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Term
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Definition
| Supreme Court upheld the right of the state to regulate businesses of a public nature, such as railroads |
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Term
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Definition
individual states could not regulated interstate commerce.
-struct down the Granger laws |
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Term
| Interstate Commerce Act (1888) |
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Definition
had the power to investigate and prosecute pools, rebates, and discriminatory practices
-helped railroads more than farmers; lost many of its first court cases. |
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Term
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Definition
| popular in the 1890s, led to the Ocala platform |
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Term
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Definition
farmers
1. direct election of us senators
2. lower tariff rates
3. graduated income tax
4. new banking system regulated by federal govt. |
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Term
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Definition
| earned millions from the steamboat business, used his money to merge local railroads into the New York Central Railroad in 1867. |
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Term
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Definition
| a main railroad route between two cities. Smaller branches connected the trunk lines with outlying towns |
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Term
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Definition
| federal government provided railroad companies with land grands and loans out West. It was distributed in a checkerboard pattern. |
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Term
| transcontinental railroad |
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Definition
| the task was split between the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroad companies. The Union Pacific was made up mostly of Irish immigrants and war veterans, the Central Pacific was made up of Chinese. They came together at Promotory Point, Utah. |
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Term
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Definition
| competing railroad companoies secretly agreed to fix rates and share traffic |
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Term
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Definition
| forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy |
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Term
| second Industrial Revolution |
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Definition
| came after the Civil War, growth of steel, petroleum, and electric power industries |
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Term
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Definition
| a process for making high-quality steel |
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Term
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Definition
| made a fortune manufacturing steel, used a business strategy called vertical integration |
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Term
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Definition
| a company controls every aspect of the manufacturing process, from the raw materials to the finished product |
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Term
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Definition
| made a fortune with his company, Standard Oil Trust. It used horizontal integration |
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Term
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Definition
| former competitors brought together under a single umbrella |
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Term
| antitrust movement and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act |
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Definition
People feared the trust's unchecked power and resented the growing influence of the newly rich.
The Sherman AntiTrust Act prohibited trusts. It was vaugely worded and the Supreme Court ruled that it only applied to commerce, not manufacturing |
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Term
| United States vs. E.C. Knight Co. |
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Definition
| ruled that Sherman Anti-Trust Act could only be applied to commerce, not manufacturing |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that government should not regulate business, it should be governed by supply and demand |
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Term
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Definition
Rockefeller said he was successful because of his Protestant work ethic.
-everyone had a duty to become rich |
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Term
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Definition
| Horatio Alger was a fictional self-made man. People like him rarely existed in real life |
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Term
| tactics for defeating unions |
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Definition
1. lockouts
2. blacklists
3. yellow-dog contracts (workers had to agree not to join a union as a condition of employment)
4. private guards and state militia
5. court injunctions |
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Term
| Great Railroad Strike of 1877 |
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Definition
| Railroad workers went on strike, shut down 2/3 of country's railroad tracks. Hayes used federal troops to end violence, 100 killed |
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Term
| Haymarket Bombing of 1886 |
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Definition
| during a meeting at Haymarket Square in Chicago, someone threw a bomb as police attempted to break up the meeting. The bomb thrower was never found, but 8 anarchists were tried and 7 sentenced to death. Caused many Americans to think that labor unions were radical and violent |
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Term
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) |
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Definition
| concentrated on attaining practical economic goals. Wanted higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901, it was the country's largest union. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supreme Court approved the use of court injunctions against strikes. |
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Term
| "old" immigrants vs "new" immigrants |
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Definition
| beginning in 1890s, immigrants began to come from different places such as Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, etc. and were poor and poorly educated. They were mostly Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, or Jewish. The old immigrants had been mostly Protestant, more educated, and wealthier |
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Term
| Boss and Machine politics |
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Definition
| political parties in cities came under the control of groups of powerful politicans called machines. Each machine had a boss. The most well-known machine was Tammany Hall in New York. They would help the underpriveledged somewhat but were also very greedy and stole millions of dollars of money. |
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Term
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Definition
| the importance of applying Christian principles to social problems |
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Term
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Definition
| started the women's suffrage movement. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony later founded the National American Women's Suffrage Association |
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Term
| the Gilded Age (1877-1900) |
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Definition
-expression Gilded Age comes from Mark Twain, who used it to refer to the superficial glitter of new wealth being prominently displayed during the time.
-politics is generally mostly show with little substance. None of the presidents served two consecutive terms and politicans mostly ignored problems coming from the growth of industries and cities. |
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Term
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Definition
| until the mid 20th century, the South voted Democrat |
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Term
| Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and Mugwumps |
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Definition
during the Gilded Age
-Roscoe Conkling led the Stalwarts, James G. Blaine led the Halfbreeds. There was competiiton between the two groups for patronage jobs, it became a more important issue than anything else. Republicans who didn't take sides were called Mugwumps |
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Term
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Definition
won election of 1876 after Compromise of '77.
-ended Reconstruction by withdrawing federal troops from the South
-trid to reestablish honest government and tried to fight against efforst to restrict Chinese immigration.
-A Gilded Age president |
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Term
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Definition
-A Gilded Age president
-won a very close vote against Democrat Winfield Hancock in 1880.
-Picked Halfbreeds for most offices, much to the dismay of the Stalwarts.
-Was shot by a disgrunted Stalwart and Chester A. Arthur became president |
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Term
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Definition
-became president when Garfield was murdered.
-distanced himself from the Stalwarts, tried to reform civil service, approved development of modern US navy, and questioned the high protective tariff
-was denied renomination for president in 1884 |
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Term
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Definition
Blaine (Republicans) vs. Cleveland (Democrats)
-first Democrat to be elected president since Buchanan in '56 |
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Term
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Definition
-won election of 1884
-Democrat
-implemented a new civil service system
-signed Interstate Commerce Act and the Dawes Severalty Act into law. |
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Term
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Definition
| Set up the Civil Service Commision, which created a system by which applicants for classified federal jobs wold be selected on the basis of their scores on an exam, not by party patronage. |
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Term
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Definition
-wanted soft/easy money (money not backed up by gold)
-14 members elected to Congress, but movement died out when the hard times of the 1870s ended. |
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Term
| Crime of 1873 and the Bland-Allison Act |
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Definition
Congress stopped the coining of silver in the 1879s, critics called it the crime of 1873.
-Bland-Allison Act was a compromise law that allowed limited coinage of silver at a 16 to 1 ratio. Farmers, debtors, and miners wanted unlimed coinage of silver and weren't satisfied. |
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Term
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Definition
Republican who campaigned for high tariffs and won the election of 1888.
-lost the popular vote but won the elctoral vote. |
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Term
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Definition
During Harrison's presidency, Congress passed the first billion dollar budget. It included.
1. McKinley Tariff act - tariffs of 48%
2. increases in pensions to Civil War vets.
3. Sherman AntiTrust Act
4. Sherman Silver Purchase Act - increased coinage of silver. |
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Term
| Populist (People's) Party |
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Definition
-determined to do something about the economic power of trusts and bankers.
1. direct popular eletion of US senators.
2. enacting state laws by voters through referendums and ballot iniatives.
3. unlimited coinage of silver
4. graduated income tax
5. ownership of railroads by the US government
6. telegraph and telephone systems owned by government
7. loans and federal warehouses for farmers so they could stabalize prices.
8. eight-hour workday for industrial workers
These goals were called the Omaha Platform
-most supporters from rural America |
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Term
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Definition
stock market crashed because of overspeculation, railroads went into bankruptcy because of overbuilding.
-lasted almost 4 years
-President Cleveland delt with crisis by championing the gold standard and adopting a hands-off policy |
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Term
| William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech |
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Definition
| made Bryan the Democratic nominee for president for the election of 1896, but he lost to McKinley |
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Term
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Definition
won the election of 1896 against Democratic William Jennings Bryan.
-enacted a higher tariff
-made gold the official standard of US currency.
-during Spanish-American War he helped US become a world power. |
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Term
|
Definition
served as secretary of state for many presidents
-purchased Alaska, was called "Seward's Icebox"
-gained rights to build a canal in Nicaragua |
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Term
|
Definition
US intensified foreign involvement because we needed
a) worldwide markets for surpluses
b) sources of raw materials for manufacturing |
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Term
| Pan-American Conference (1889) |
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Definition
| organized by Benjamin Harrison's secretary of state, Blaine. Western Hemisphere countries created a permanent organization for international cooperation on trade |
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Term
| causes of the Spanish-American war |
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Definition
1. jingoism
2. Cuban revolt
3. yellow journalism
4. De Lome letter
5. sinking of the USS Maine
6. McKinley's war message |
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Term
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Definition
an intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy
-a cause of the spanish-american war |
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Term
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Definition
sensationalizing of news stories
-used in the Donner Party and the Spanish-American war |
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Term
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Definition
-one of the causes of the Spanish-American War
-was highly critical of McKinley; leaked to the press |
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Term
| the sinking of the USS Maine |
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Definition
-one of the causes of the Spanish-American War
-It is still unknown who caused in sinking - Spanish, Cubans, or boiler explosion? |
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Term
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Definition
part of Congress's declaration of the Spanish-American War
-declared that US had no intention of taking political control of Cuba and that once peace was restored Cubans would control their own government |
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Term
| the Philipines in the Spanish-American War |
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Definition
-first shots fired here
- Philipines were controlled by Spain
- US overtook Manila |
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Term
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Definition
-led by Teddy Roosevelt
-regiment of volunteers
-charged up San Juan Hill in Cuba during the Spanish-American War |
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Term
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Definition
| McKinley asked for annexation in 1898, close to Philipines during Spanish-American War |
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Term
| peace treaty ending Spanish-American War |
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Definition
1. recognition of Cuban independence
2. US aquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam
3. US acquisition of Philipines after paying Spain $20 million |
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Term
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Definition
-Filipino who fought alongside US during Spanish-American War
-upset that US was taking over the country and led guerilla fighters. Many died on both sides |
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Term
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Definition
| Supreme Court ruled that constitutional rights did not automatically extend to territorial possessions like Puerto Rico and Guam |
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Term
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Definition
1. Cuba could never sign a treaty with a foreign power that would impair its independence
2. Cuba couldn't build up excessive public debt
3. US could intervene in Cuba's affairs to keep law and order
4. US could maintain naval bases in Cuba, most importantly Guantanamo Bay |
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Term
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Definition
John Hay, McKinley's secretary of state, established policy.
-All nations had equal trading rights in China instead of spheres of infleunce |
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Term
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Definition
| xenophobia was on the rise in China, a group of Chinese nationalists murdered Christian missionaries. US came to China and crushed the rebellion, forced China to pay huge indemnities. |
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Term
| Roosevelt's Big Stick policy |
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Definition
"speak softly and carry a big stick"
-wanted to build the reputation of the US as a world power. |
|
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Term
| Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) |
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Definition
| -any canal built in Central America was supposed to be jointly US/British. In this treaty, the British agreed to abrogate their earlier treaty and US could dig without British involvement |
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Term
|
Definition
-built between 1904-1914
-many lost their lives digging. |
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Term
| Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine |
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Definition
| -instead of Europe intervening in Latin American affairs, the US would intervene instead |
|
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Term
| Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) |
|
Definition
Between US/Japan
1. mutual respect for Pacific possessions
2. support for Open Door Policy in China |
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Term
|
Definition
-succeded Roosevelt
-dollar diplomacy (tried to promote US trade by supporting American enterprises abroad)
-trustbuster |
|
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Term
| Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine |
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Definition
| non-European powers excluded from owning territory in the Western Hempisphere |
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Term
|
Definition
-suceeded Taft as president
-tried to right wrongs of Roosevelt and Taft, gave rights to Filipinos and Puerto Ricans. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Wilson supported a group of revelutionaries fighting against dictator Huerta in Mexico. Some US went to Tampico and were arrested. Huerta refused to apologize, Wilson ordered navy to occupy Vera Cruz. War seemed imminent until ABC powers (Argentina, Brazil, Chile) agreed to mediate the dispute |
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Term
| Pancho Villa and the US Expeditionary Force) |
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Definition
| Pancho Villa led raids across US border and murdered several people. Wilson ordered General Pershing to enter Mexico to look for Villa. Couldn't find him, Wilson had to withdraw troops due to growing fear of involvement in WWI. |
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Term
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Definition
| Woodrow Wilson and his Sec. of State, William Jennings Bryan, wanted to show that the US respected other nation's rights and would support the spread of democracy |
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Term
| The Progressive Movement (1901-1918) |
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Definition
-presidents from this era are Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson
-wanted to improve lives in the industrial age
-wanted to build on existing society, make moderate political changes and social improvement through government action.
-goals were limiting power of big business, improving democracy for all people, and strengthening social justice. |
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Term
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Definition
-Progressive reformers adopted this philosophy
-said that people should take a pragmatic, or practical, approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge |
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Term
| Frederick W. Taylor and scientific management |
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Definition
-Taylor discovered ways of organzing people in the most efficient manner in a factory
-Progressives wanted to apply the same idea to government; they thought it could be more efficient if placed in the hands of experts and scientific managers instead of political bosses. |
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Term
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Definition
-Progressive era
-Writers writing about underhanded schemes in politics
-Magazines and books were both popular
-Example: How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis
-popularity declined after 1910: difficult to top sensationalism of last story, businesses more concerned about their public image, and advertisers didn't like it |
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Term
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Definition
-One of the first photojournalism books, written by Jacob Riis
-a muckraking novel. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the first muckrakers, wrote about practices of the Standard Oil Company and of the railroads |
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Term
| Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, Theodore Dreiser |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-ballots printed by the state and voters marked their choices in private
-a Progressive-era reform |
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Term
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Definition
-method of nominating party candidates
-A Progressive reform
-not 100% successful because political bosses still got elected sometimes. |
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Term
| The Seventeenth Amendment |
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Definition
-direct election of US senators
-a Progressive reform |
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Term
| ballot iniatives and referendums |
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Definition
-ways for people to have more say in government
-Progressive-era reforms |
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Term
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Definition
-Progressive-era reform
-settlement houses (Jane Addams)
-better schools, juvenile courts, liberalized divorce laws, safety regulations for tenements and factories, parole system, limits on the death penalty |
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Term
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Definition
Progressive-era
-Toledo mayor Samuel M. "Golden Rule" Jones and another Ohioan, Tom L. Johnson, worked for free kindergarten, night schools, public playgrounds, tax reform, and lesser trolley fares |
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Term
| Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal |
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Definition
-favored neither business or labor
-tried to mediate a dispute between coal miners and owners. Owners refused to compromise so Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines with federal troops. Owners finally agreed to accept the findings of a special commission, which gave the workers a wage increase but no union |
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Term
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Definition
| -T. Roosevelt was the first president to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act, broke up the Northern Securities Company (a railroad trust) |
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Term
| Elkins Act (1903) and the Hepburn Act (1906) |
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Definition
-Elkins Act gave interstate commerce commision power to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers
-Hepburn Act said ICC could fix "just and reasonable" rates for railroads |
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Term
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Definition
-written by Upton Sinclair
-a muckraking book about the Chicago meatpacking industry
-Led to Pure Food and Drug AAct and the Meat Inspection Act |
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Term
| Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) |
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Definition
| forbade the manufacture, sale, and transporation of adulterated or mislabeled food and drugs |
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Term
| Meat Inspection Act (1906) |
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Definition
| provided that federal inspectors visit meatpacking plants to ensure that they met minimum standards of sanitation |
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Term
| Roosevelt and conservation |
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Definition
Roosevelt wanted to conserve natural resources
-set aside 150 million acres of land that could not be sold
-Newlands Reclamation Act: provided money from sale of western land for irrigation projects
-established the National Conservation Commission |
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Term
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Definition
| -Gave the ICC power to supend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) |
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Definition
| -Taft signed, angered Progressives who accused him of joining the conservative wing of the Republicans |
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Term
| the Social Party and Eugene V. Debs |
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Definition
-called for more radical reforms than the Progressives
-led by Eugene V. Debs
-reached peak in 1912 when Debs won 6% of popular vote for president |
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Term
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Definition
-nickname given to Progressive party because Roosevelt was "As strong as a bull moose"
-Election of 1912 |
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Term
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Definition
| Woodrow Wilson won because the Republican party was split into two factions led by Roosevelt and Taft |
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Term
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Definition
-Wilson argued for it
-First reduction in tariff prices in 50 years |
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Term
| Federal Reserve Act (1914) |
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Definition
-passed during Wilson's presidency
-created 12 distinct banks supervised by a Federal Reserve Board |
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Term
| Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) |
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Definition
strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act
-passed during Wilson's presidency
-contained a clause exempting unions from being prosecuted as trusts |
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Term
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Definition
-Wilson's presidency
-could investigate "unfair trade practice" in every industry except banking and transporation |
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Term
| Wilson's New Freedom program |
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Definition
| -two major pieces of legislation were the Clayton Antitrust Act and the Federal Trade Commission |
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Term
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Definition
-Wilson's presidency
-provided farm loans at low interest rates |
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Term
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Definition
| -African-American leader who demanded civil rights. Direct contrast to Booker T. Washington's stress on economics |
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Term
| Nineteenth Amendment (1920) |
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Definition
| -Women recieved the right to vote |
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Term
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Definition
-formed the National Woman's party
-more militant than the National American Woman Suffrage Association |
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Term
| Carrie Chapman Catt and the National American Woman Suffrage Association |
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Definition
| -tried to get women's vote at the state level before moving to the national level |
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