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| a way of organizing a nation so that 2 or more levels of government have formal authority over the same area and people |
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| all power resides in the central government |
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| intergovernmental relations |
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| workings of the federal system; the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments |
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| the supreme law of the land is the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties |
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| national government has only those powers specifically assigned to it by the Constitution |
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| 1819 Supreme Court case that established the supremacy of the national government over state. Chief Justice Marshall and his colleagues held that Congress had certain implied power in addition to the enumerated powers in the Constitution |
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| powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution |
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| powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution |
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| authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers |
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| 1824 case where the Supreme Court interpreted the elastic clause very broadly and gave Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity |
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| Constitutional clause requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments of the courts of every other state |
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| states return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment |
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| privileges and immunities |
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| states that the citizens of each state must have most of the privileges of citizens in other states |
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| both the national government and the states remain supreme within their own spheres |
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| powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government |
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| pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system |
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| federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes of state and local spending; come with strings attached |
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| awarded on the basis of competitive applications |
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| distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or administrative regulations |
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| given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such ans community development and social services |
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