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Definition
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Said that separate public schools are inherently unequal, thus starting racial discretion. |
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| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): The Court had ruled that in state criminal trials, the state must supply an indigent defendant with a lawyer only if special circumstances exist. These special circumstances include complex charges, incompetence, and illiteracy on the part of the defendant. |
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| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
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Definition
| Upheld separate-but-equal facilities for white and black people on railroad cars. |
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| Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966): Court describes ruling that police must give to arrested persons. |
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| Dred Scott v. Sandford (1856): The United States Supreme Court decided that ruled that people of African descent, whether or not they were slaves, could never be citizens of the United States, and that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories. |
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| Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Evidence illegally gathered by the police may not be used in a criminal trial. |
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| The person already holding an elective office. |
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| The alleged tendency of candidates to win more votes in an election because of the presence at the top of the ticket of a better-known candidate, such as the president. |
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Term
| Political Action Committee (PAC) |
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Definition
| A committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations. |
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| Drawing the boundaries of legislative districts so that they are unequal in population. |
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| Drawing the boundaries of legislative districts in bizarre or unusual shapes to favor one party. |
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| An increase in votes congressional candidates usually get when they first run for reelection. |
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| An issue about which the public is divided and rival candidates or political parties adopt different policy positions. |
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| An issue about which the public is united and rival candidates or political parties adopt similar positions in hopes that each will be thought to best represent those widely shared beliefs. |
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| The vote cast by a person who does not like either candidate and so votes for the less objectionable of the two, putting a clothespin over his or her nose to keep out the unpleasant stench. |
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| AN election held to choose which candidate will hold office. |
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Term
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| An election held to choose candidates for office. |
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| A primary election in which voting is limited to already registered part members. |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place. |
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Term
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Definition
| A primary election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties. |
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| A second primary election held when no candidate wins a majority of the votes in the first primary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spending by political action committees, corporations, or labor unions that is done to help a party or candidate but is done independently of them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Funds Obtained by political parties that are spent on party activities, such as get-out-the-vote drives, but not on behalf of a specific candidate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organizations that, under section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code, raise and spend money to political causes. |
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Definition
| Voting for a candidate because you favor his or her ideas for handling issues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Voting for a candidate because you like his or her past actions in the office. |
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