Term
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Definition
| Civil Rights era amendment (1960s); equal protection under the law for all men |
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Term
| Amending the Constitution |
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Definition
| Long and tedious process; Congress + President approval (president may veto) |
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Term
| Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) |
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Definition
| 1990; prohibits discrimination against disabled people in public facilities (must accommodate all those with disabilities) |
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Term
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Definition
| an outsider to a lawsuit petitions court to submit a brief |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation vs. Constitution |
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Definition
| Articles lacked a central government (couldn't perform most tasks without unanimous vote among the states) Constitution provided federalist system with Bill of Rights to protect citizens basic rights |
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Term
| Block grants and federalism |
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Definition
| money granted by government to be spent freely without restriction; provided by federal (national) government to state/local governments |
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Term
| Brown vs. Board of Education |
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Definition
| Civil Rights Era court case (Warren Court) declaring segregated facilities were not equal |
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Term
| Candidate centered campaigns |
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Definition
| Election campaign advertising focused primarily on the candidate running |
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Term
| Categorical grants in aid |
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Definition
| grants used for specific purposes |
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Term
| Chart/graph reading and interpretation |
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Definition
| find core significance in information given ("so what?") |
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Term
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Definition
| each branch of government ensures the other isn't overpowering another (Ex: Executive right to veto a bill signed into law by Congress) |
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Term
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Definition
| Authorized federal action against segregation |
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Term
| Civil rights of the 1950s |
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Definition
| segregated public facilities, discrimination against ethnic minorities, inequality |
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Term
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Definition
| Determines what limits can be placed on 1st Amendment freedoms of speech, press or assembly |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to break a filibuster |
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Definition
| gives Congress power to regulate commerce (interstate, international) |
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Term
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Definition
| scheduling and presiding over meetings and hearings |
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Term
| Common criteria when voting for presidential elections |
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Definition
| must be 18 years old and a citizen of the United States or residing territory of the US |
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Term
| Common political activities of citizens |
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Definition
| voting, funding campaigns, advertising candidates with signs |
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Term
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Definition
| committee used to resolve issues on a bill |
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Term
| Congressional Committee System |
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Definition
| chambers of congress to perform specific functions |
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Term
| Congressional Incumbency advantage |
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Definition
| Familiarity with the public, often receive more funding for campaign |
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Term
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Definition
| US oversight of the EPA's regulatory discretion |
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Term
| Congressional oversight of bureaucracy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| congress makes laws, can assume other powers |
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Term
| Congressional response to Supreme court ruling |
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Definition
| may attempt to overturn the court |
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Term
| Congressional standing committees |
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Definition
| consider bills and issues and recommend changes |
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Term
| Constituent service communication |
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Definition
| phone calls, television, internet |
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Term
| Constitution gov't authority divided across political institutions |
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Definition
| Congress and POTUS may disagree politically on issues due to division in political parties |
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Term
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Definition
| state and national government work together on issues |
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Term
| Core values of US political culture |
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Definition
| liberty, equality, unity, individualism |
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Term
| Creating new federal courts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dramatic change in US political system |
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Term
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Definition
| Has lead to great influence on how the procedure is carried out and strengthened the requirements for death penalty ruling (Oregon v. Guzek, Kennedy v. Louisiana, etc.) |
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Term
| Delegates to major party conventions |
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Definition
| Delegates support party members, try to raise funds for campaign |
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Term
| Demographics of delegates to presidential nomination conventions |
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Definition
| Delegates support party members, try to raise funds |
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Term
| Demographics of Democratic voters |
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Definition
| minority group, middle class |
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Term
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Definition
| Legal transfer of property |
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Term
| Difference between political parties and interest groups |
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Definition
Political Parties: Platform of ideals
Interest Groups: Focus on specific issues separately |
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Term
| Differences between House and Senate |
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Definition
Senate: Power evenly distributed
House: initiates revenue bills, more direct to the public |
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Term
| Direct primaries vs. convention system |
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Definition
| weakened party control over nominations |
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Term
| District court vs. appellate court |
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Definition
District Court: Ceses only affect those involved
Appellate Court; can lead to major changes in law system |
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Term
| Divided government consequences - Confirmation delays |
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Definition
| Leads to political gridlock between branches of gov't (example; Congress attempting to set budget for President) |
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Term
| Divided party control of presidency and congress |
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Definition
| difficulty agreeing on bills |
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Term
| Doctrine of original intent |
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Definition
| Theory concerning constitutional interpretation |
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Term
| Drawing congressional districts |
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Definition
| Redistricting of voting lines (Gerrymandering) |
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Term
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Definition
| low voter turnout overall; roughly 60% of registered voters actually vote |
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Term
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Definition
| group who elects president from citizens indirect votes (certain number of electoral votes per state) |
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Term
| Elite & Pluralist theories of politics |
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Definition
| Distribution of political power: Elite: material power, Pluralist: Equal power spread across |
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Term
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Definition
| subset of mandatory spending |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevents congress from limiting rights of religion; must remain neutral |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevents illegally seized material from being used in a court of law |
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Term
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Definition
| Agreement between the US and a foreign nation |
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Term
| Federal Budget entitlements (entitlement spending) |
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Definition
| Mandatory spending by President |
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Term
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Definition
| Minimum voting age of 18 established |
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Term
| Federal gov't does not regulate negative advertising |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Granted by national gov't for specific purposes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 9 in the supreme court system, appointed by POTUS |
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Term
| Federal system of government |
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Definition
| Divided into State and National governments, |
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Term
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Definition
| Split of government between local and national government |
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Term
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Definition
| James Madison; supports union under federalism-claims it will resolve any damage caused by factions |
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Term
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Definition
| Freedom of speech, expression, religion |
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Term
| Fiscal federalism & Cooperative Federalism |
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Definition
Focuses on economic issues
Both state & local gov't work together on issues |
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Term
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Definition
| President often ignores/puts foreign issues aside |
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Term
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Definition
| Protects civil rights of minority groups |
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Term
| Framer's creation of legislative branch |
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Definition
| created to make laws for the nation |
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Term
| Framer's view of primary functions of government |
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Definition
| Enforce rules and protect the citizens, no involvement in economic affairs |
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Term
| Framer's intent of economic powers |
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Definition
| Laissez Faire Economics; no government involvement in trade |
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Term
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Definition
| Right of members to send mail to constituents without postage fees |
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Term
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Definition
| Reserve citizens rights to practice all religions and commit actions based on those beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st Amendment right; can be limited in times of imminent danger/war |
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Term
| Freedom of Information Act |
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Definition
| Allows for full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information, controlled by gov't |
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Term
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Definition
| Illegal redrawing of district voting lines in favor of one candidate |
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Term
| Giswold v. Connecticut & Roe v. Wade |
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Definition
| Expanded women's rights to privacy |
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Term
| Gitlow v. NY & NY Times v. Sullivan |
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Definition
| Both dealt with 1st Amendment rights; punishment for attempting to overthrow gov't |
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Term
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Definition
| Minority groups tend to support more liberal democrats |
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Term
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Definition
| media coverage focused on poll standings rather than candidate policies |
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Term
| House and Senate differences in legislative process |
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Definition
| House handles smaller districts; faster lawmaking |
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Term
| House of Representatives elections |
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Definition
| every 2 years, all seats up for re-election |
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Term
| How do lobbyists try to influence legislators? |
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Definition
| Petition, attend public hearings, debate at hearings, donate campaign funds |
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Term
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Definition
| 2/3 vote in Parliament, Constitutional Court decides impeachment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Incorporation Doctrine (selective incorporation) |
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Definition
| ensures states don't enact las removing constitutional rights |
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Term
| Incumbency reelection rate |
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Definition
| Much higher due to familiarity with public, often receive more campaign funds |
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Term
| Independent regulatory agencies and separation of powers |
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Definition
An agency independent of either branches of gov't
Separation of branches of gov't powers to avoid overpowering |
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Term
| Individual senators have great influence over legislative process |
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Definition
| senators can use filibusters to delay or kill a bill |
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Term
| Influence of news media on public opinion |
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Definition
| can sway voters to certain parties based on their party affiliation |
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Term
| Influences on Republican Party Platform |
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Definition
| Generally based on American Conservatism |
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Term
| Interest group activities |
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Definition
| lobbying, raising funds, attending public hearings |
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Term
| Interest group coalition building |
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Definition
| Parties with similar ideals form together to make coalitions |
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Term
| Interest groups and political party roles |
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Definition
| interest groups' ideals are taken into political party ideology |
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Term
| Interest groups greatest influence |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Policy making relationship between congress, interest groups and the bureaucracy |
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Term
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Definition
| Allowance of Judges to limit their own power |
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Term
| Judicial Review- Marbury v Madison |
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Definition
| Established Supreme Court ability to determine the constitutionality of a law |
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Term
| Lasting influence of Supreme Court appointments |
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Definition
| Leads to lasting bills/acts/actions; Marbury v. Madison - Judicial Review |
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Term
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Definition
| often liberal, about half of eligible hispanic voters participate |
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Term
| Leading predictor of how people vote |
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Definition
| Polls/ polling companies measure trends |
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Term
| Legislative branch and executive branch checks and balances |
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Definition
| executive vetoes laws, legislative may override a veto with a 2/3 vote |
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Term
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Definition
| Congress oversight on executive branch (review, monitoring of federal agencies) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequence of steps required for laws to move through system; long and tedious |
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Term
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Definition
| 2/3 vote to nullify an action by the executive branch |
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Term
| Liberals and Conservatives |
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Definition
Liberals: Want more government involvement to achieve equal opportunity
Conservatives: More personal responsibility, less government involvement |
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Term
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Definition
| Power of elected executive to reject parts of a bill without rejecting the whole bill |
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Term
| Main debate between Federalists and Antifederalists |
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Definition
| Involvement of gov't; fear of a monarchy-like government with Constitution |
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Term
| Main reason for two major political parties in US |
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Definition
| US Political System based on a majority rules system |
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Term
| Make-up of Congress (race, gender) |
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Definition
| Majority of white males, women and minorities slowly been integrated since late-20th century |
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Term
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Definition
| interstate commerce regulations by National Gov't and not the states |
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Term
| Media political coverage of presidential campaigns |
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Definition
| can sway voter opinions on candidates |
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Term
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Definition
| Due process of law/self-incrimination protection |
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Term
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Definition
| Expanded voting rights; Citizens can register to vote at DMV; made voter registration easier/more accessible |
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Term
| News Media Ownership Concentration |
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Definition
| fewer individuals control large shares of mass media |
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Term
| Office of Management and Budget |
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Definition
| Largest office in EOP; assists president in making budget |
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Term
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Definition
Open - all political affiliates
Closed - Democrats and Republicans vote only |
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Term
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Definition
| Types of interest groups who run/elect officers for political positions |
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Term
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Definition
| Those affiliated with a party more likely to vote within their party |
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Term
| Party identification and voting behavior |
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Definition
| Partisan loyalty influences voting decisions |
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Term
| Persistence of two-party system |
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Definition
| vast majority of citizens agree on fundamental principles |
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Term
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Definition
| defendant bargains with prosecutor to plead guilty to a lesser charge |
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Term
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Definition
| Ruled separate facilities for African Americans was an equal practice |
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Term
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Definition
| Candidate with the most votes wins an election |
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Term
| Plurality vote results in presidential election |
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Definition
| Bush v. Gore 2000, Gore won majority yet lost election |
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Term
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Definition
| Rejection of legislation if a bill is not passed within 10 days |
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Term
| Political Action Committees (PACs) |
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Definition
| Interest groups who raise money to influence elections |
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Term
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Definition
| Citizens faith/trust in the government |
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Term
| Political Factions (Federalist Papers) |
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Definition
| Separation of the nation caused by articles of confederation |
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Term
| Political parties - voter identification |
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Definition
| Citizens often align with a political party/ non-partisan |
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Term
| Political parties not in Constitution |
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Definition
| warned against by Geroge Washington in Farewell Address, Formed out of federalists/antifederalists |
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Term
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Definition
| Influence of political views on others such as family or peers |
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Term
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Definition
| Extra legislation attached to a bill |
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Term
| Power of federal bureaucracy |
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Definition
| Put government policy into practice |
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Term
| Power of the federal courts |
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Definition
| Determine constitutionality of a law/ protect citizens natural rights |
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Term
| President impounding funds |
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Definition
| funds not spent by President appointed by Congress |
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Term
| Presidential approval ratings |
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Definition
| Determined by polling; shows likeness of POTUS by citizens; can lead to reform in policies in an effort to please the nation |
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Term
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Definition
| Advisors to president; not in the Constitution - appointed by POTUS |
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Term
| Presidential influence of Congress |
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Definition
| can override congress decisions on lawmaking- veto |
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Term
| Presidential influence on federal judiciary |
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Definition
| Can appoint all federal judges |
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Term
| Presidential nominating process |
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Definition
| nominated through caucauses - try to win delegates/ announced at federal party convention |
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Term
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Definition
| can veto laws, declare war, appoint ambassadors, judges, cabinet, sign treaties |
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Term
| Presidential roles authorized by Constitution |
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Definition
| Appoint high level positions, budget spending |
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Term
| Presidential use of inherent powers |
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Definition
| negotiate treaties, determine confidentiality of info to congress/courts |
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Term
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Definition
| can deny any bill passed by Congress to be signed into law |
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Term
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Definition
| Only republican/democratic registered voters, narrows candidate field before major election |
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Term
| Primary formal role of the attorney general |
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Definition
| Supervise department of justice (FBI/CIA/DEA/BAT/etc.) |
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Term
| Protection of legal rights for women |
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Definition
| 19th Amendment, Granted suffrage, Roe v. Wade gave women's privacy protection |
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Term
| Public financing of elections |
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Definition
| PACs raise funds for candidate elections |
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Term
| Reasons for low voter turnout |
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Definition
| unable to register, undecided voters |
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Term
| Reserved powers of state gov't |
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Definition
| Any powers not assumed by federal gov't goes to states |
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Term
| Results of appealing case to Supreme Court |
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Definition
| enforcement of Bill of Rights, ex. Miranda v Arizona |
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Term
| Revenue bill originate in which body? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Need for individual issues to be addressed leads to rise of interest groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Granted women's right to pre-natal termination/women's right to privacy |
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Term
| Rule and Procedures of House and Senate |
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Definition
| Standing rules of Congress govern legislative process, cloture & filibusters |
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Term
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Definition
| Permits four of nine Supreme Court Justices to grant a writ of centiorari |
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Term
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Definition
| most important committee in Congress |
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Term
| Selecting a vice-president |
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Definition
| adds balance and appeal to the ticket |
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Term
| Selection of Supreme Court caseload |
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Definition
| Supreme Court can choose the cases it hears |
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Term
| Selective incorporation (incorporation doctrine) |
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Definition
| Ensures states cannot take away constitutional rights |
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Term
| Senate confirmation process |
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Definition
| President submits nomination, referred to committee of jurisdiction, senate confirms or denies |
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Term
| Separation of church and state |
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Definition
| Gov't must remain neutral towards religion |
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Term
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Definition
| Farmers forced into debt, arrested, shut down court system under the Articles of Confederation |
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Term
| Single-member plurality districts |
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Definition
| each voter allowed one vote for one candidate, largest number of votes win |
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Term
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Definition
| Presiding officer in House of Reps, elected by majority |
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Term
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Definition
| a vote for candidates of different political parties on the same ballot |
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Term
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Definition
| determining points in litigation according to precedent |
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Term
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Definition
| supreme court chooses cases it wishes to hear |
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Term
| Supreme Court interpretation of of free speech |
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Definition
| any speech that does not incite violence |
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Term
| Supreme Court Justice tenure |
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Definition
| Serve for their entire life (unless resigned) |
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Term
| Supreme Court justices background |
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Definition
| Attempt to provide for all geographic demographics |
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Term
| Supreme Court nomination process |
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Definition
| President nominates, senate Judiciary Committee approves, no rules prior to nomination (can be anybody) |
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Term
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Definition
| usually aim to influence congress workers, Not judges |
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Term
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Definition
| reserved powers; powers not granted to federal gov't got to states |
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Term
| Trends in Presidential ELections in the 1980s |
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Definition
| tended to vote republican/conservative |
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Term
| Trust in government over time |
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Definition
| Weakened greatly after President Nixon's Watergate Scandal |
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Term
| Two major political party organizations |
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Definition
| Democrats and Republicans |
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Term
| Uncontrollable spending in federal budget |
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Definition
| Congress sets budget, president forced to raise debt ceiling to cover spending |
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Term
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Definition
| state must perform certain action with no money provided by federal gov't |
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Term
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Definition
| Emancipation Proclamation by Abraham Lincoln, desegregation by Dwight Eisenhower |
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Term
| Voter demographics in presidential primary elections |
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Definition
| Tend to stick to their partisan views |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased greatly over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Those who identify with a party tend to strongly support them |
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Term
| Voting by 18-21 year olds |
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Definition
| low, inexperienced voters with little political knowledge |
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Term
| Voting eligibility decided by states |
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Definition
| State minimum voting age set at 18 |
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Term
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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Definition
| Gave minorities right to vote, eliminated poll tax, grandfather clause, poll testing, etc. used to exclude African Americans from voting |
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Term
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Definition
| Soldiers must be sent home after a certain time during wartime; enacted following VIetnam Conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| Chief Justice Earl Warren, 1950s-1960s, Gideon v, Wainwright, Mapp v. Ohio, Brown v. Board |
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Term
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Definition
| Oldest committee in congress, chief tax writing committee |
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Term
| What happens if no candidate earns majority of Electoral College vote |
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Definition
| House elects candidate who got most electoral votes |
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Term
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Definition
| look over mansion of POTUS, oversee executive office |
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Term
| Who do voters directly elect? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| re-examination of a trial's actions, "to be informed of" |
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