Term
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Definition
| life, liberty, property (John Locke says these are superior to human laws and that the purpose of the government was to protect natural rights) |
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Term
| First Continental Congress (Sept 1774) |
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Definition
| Each colony sent delegates to Philadelphia to discuss future relations with Britain |
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Definition
| Written by Thomas Paine in 1776 |
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| James Madison believed that Factions would compete to seize government. Solution? have lots of factions so they would cancel out each other. |
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Definition
| System based on the consent of the governed- representatives of the public have power |
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Term
| Federalist papers were written by...? |
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Definition
| James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay |
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Term
| Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
| First "constitution." No president/ no national court. All government power was in the states. Congress: states all got 1 vote. No federal judiciary or executive. Inefficient (9/13 states necessary to pass. 13/13 to amend). |
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Definition
| An attack on the courthouses to prevent judges from foreclosing the farms of in-debt farmers unable to pay. Congress and state couldn't raise a militia to stop them |
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| New Jersey Plan/ Virginia Plan/ Compromise |
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Definition
NJ:Each state should have same number of reps
VA: amount of reps is based on state's population
Connecticut Compromise= Senate (2 reps) and house (based on population) |
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Definition
| Each slave counted as 3/5 of a person toward their population total |
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Definition
| Human nature= self interest. To prevent tyranny of the majority place as much control beyond the direct control on the majority. JM wants powers to be with elite. Checks and balances are important |
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Term
| Checks and Balances (basic) |
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Definition
Legislative: approves/ confirms presidential nominations/ control budget, can pass over president's veto and can impeach president
Executive: can veto congressional legislation and can nominate judges
Judicial: can declare presidential acts/laws unconstitutional |
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Term
| Federalists VS. Anti-Federalist |
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Definition
Federalists: large landowners, wealthy merchants, professionals (supported constitution)
Anti-Federalists: small farmers, shopkeepers, laborers- they opposed constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| 1791- JM got 10/12 constitutional amendments ratified |
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Term
| 2 stages to the amendment process |
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Definition
Proposal: (1) by a 2/3 vote in house and senate or (2) by national convention at request 2/3 of state legislatures
Ratification: (1) by 3/4 of states or (2) by special state conventions |
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Definition
| gives the courts the right to decide whether the actions of the legislative and executive branches of state and national governments are constitutional |
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Definition
| way of organizing government so that 2 or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land/ people. 2 main questions: Who should decide? What should be done? |
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Term
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Definition
| National laws and treaties supreme of the state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits |
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Term
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Definition
| Constitutional amendment stating that "the powers not delegated to the U.S. by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people" |
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Definition
| Supreme court case- established supremacy of national government. Congress held implied powers |
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Term
| Enumerated powers/ implied powers |
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Definition
enumerated: stated in constitution
implied: are implied in constitution |
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Definition
| aka "necessary and proper" clause |
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Definition
| Supreme court case. Congress was supreme with the power to regulate interstate commerce |
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Definition
| in constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states |
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Term
| Dual federalism/ cooperative federalism |
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Definition
dual: states and national governments remain supreme within their own spheres, separated
cooperative: powers and policy assignments are shared within states and national governments (1. shared costs, 2. federal guidelines, 3. shared admin) |
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Definition
| pattern of taxing, spending, and providing grants in the federal system |
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Definition
| Federal grants that can be used for only specific purposed or categories of state and local spending (comes with strings attached) |
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Definition
| federal grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of merit |
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Definition
| federal grants distributed accordingly to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations |
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Term
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Definition
| federal grants given more or less automatically to states of communities to support broad programs |
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Term
| cross-cutting requirements |
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Definition
| using federal money in one program to influence state and local policy in another |
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Term
| Advantages/ Disadvantages of Federalism |
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Definition
Advantages: (1) more participation in politics (2) if a party loses national election it can still rebuild at a more local level (3) if every issue had to be resolved in Washington -> overload
Disadvantages: (1) diversity of states, each has different needs (2) complicates law passing process (slower) |
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Term
| privileges and immunities |
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Definition
| in constitution- according each citizen of each state most of the privileges of the other states |
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Term
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Definition
| Mixture of cultures, ideas and peoples changing the nation |
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Term
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Definition
| having a non-caucasian majority in the united states |
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Term
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Definition
| process of reallocating seats in house of reps every 10 years based on the census |
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Term
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Definition
| technique used by survey researchers= everyone should have an equal probability of being selected for the sample (small portion of people chosen for a survey) |
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Term
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Definition
| technique used by pollsters to place telephone calls randomly to listed and unlisted numbers |
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Term
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Definition
| public opinion surveys used by major media pollsters to predict electoral winners- ask certain people when they are leaving the polls |
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Term
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Definition
| people who support a candidate because they see others are |
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Term
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Definition
1. more diversity (especially hispanic immigration)= dem
2. older= rep: conservative/ dem= social security and medicare
3. southern= helps GOP for... now
4. well-educated= helps dems |
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Term
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Definition
| media programming focused on one topic and aimed at a particular audience |
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Term
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Definition
| specific locations from which news frequently emanates |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| people who invest their political "capital" in an issue |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal Communications Commission- regulates use of airwaves (equal time rule- if a station sells air time to one candidate it has to be willing to sell to their opponents for the same office) |
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Term
| public ownership/ private ownership |
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Definition
public: media can serve the public interest without worrying about audience size
private: having the largest audience is the key to success and the sole objective |
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Term
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Definition
| hired company to improve candidate's image and their ability to peddle their issue positions |
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Term
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Definition
| can register as a party but not legally binding, they claim to be a member |
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Term
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Definition
| party has a national office, full time staff, rules, by laws, and budgets. keeps party running between elections and makes rules |
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Term
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Definition
| elected officials who call themselves members of a party |
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Term
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Definition
| channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda. 4 main linkage institutions: parties, elections, TV/ media, interest groups |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals act in their own best interest |
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Term
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Definition
| voting for one party for one office and with another party for other offices |
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Term
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Definition
| type of political party that relies heavily on material rewards, such as patronage (promotion/job given fro political reasons, not based on merit)= corrupt |
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Term
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Definition
| elections to select party nominees, people have a register in advance with the party to vote |
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Term
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Definition
| elections to select party nominees in which voters can decide on election day whether to to vote dem OR rep |
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Term
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Definition
| elections to select party nominees, voters can choose to vote some dem and some rep |
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Term
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Definition
| meeting of party delegates every 4 years to choose presidential ticket and write party platform (< long, no one actually reads) |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the institutions that keeps the party operating between conventions |
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Term
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Definition
| responsible for day to day activities on the party, usually hand picked by presidential nominee |
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Term
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Definition
| group of individuals with a common interest |
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Term
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Definition
| electoral "earthquake" where new issues emerge, new coalitions, and often the majority party is displaced by minority |
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Term
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Definition
| the displacement of the majority party by minority party |
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Term
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Definition
| coalition formed by democrats. basic elements: urban working class, ethnic groups, catholics, jews, poor, African Americans, and intellectuals |
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Term
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Definition
| disengagement of people and politicians from parties |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| winner take all system of government |
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Definition
| like in America, legislative seats are awarded to candidates who come in first in constituencies |
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Term
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Definition
| like Europe. legislative seats given to political parties in proportion to number of votes won in election |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 or more parties join together to form a majority in a national legislature |
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Term
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Definition
ideal government
1. must present distinct comprehensive programs
2. candidate must be committed to program and have internal cohesion
3. majority party must implement programs
4. majority party must accept responsibility for performance of government |
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Term
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Definition
- for the public to declare preferences
- filter effect
- privacy in votes
- bad= disenfranchises voters, people who cannot get to caucus
- each candidate gets a number of delegates proportional to votes (dem) (rep= winner takes all) |
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Term
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Definition
-popular vote %= # of delegates (proportional representation)
- delegates go to national convention to vote for candidate they are pledged to |
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Term
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Definition
| no longer exist. they chose the party nominees |
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Term
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Definition
| designed to keep some power in the elites. "un-pledged" delegate. 15% of delegates at national convention will be superdelegates |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal election committee is a bi-partisan regulatory agency that oversees federal finance laws. goals= transparency and regulating and limiting amount on $ in politics |
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Term
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Definition
| a candidate meeting certain qualifications can get money from certain taxes but cannot raise money outside of that |
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Term
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Definition
| Political action committee- has to register with FEC, can give $5,000 per election cycle to candidate |
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Term
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Definition
hard: money given directly to candidate- can give $4,600
soft: money given to candidate's party- banned at a federal level, can give $28,000 |
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Term
| McCain- Feingold Act 2002 |
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Definition
| banned soft money at a federal level, can still give $28,000 to state parties |
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Term
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Definition
speech= $$
says you can limit people to give $2, 300 but cannot limit the total amount candidate raises
-extended the right of free speech to PACs |
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Term
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Definition
| "charities" that are unregulated by FEC. can give unlimited amounts of $ and they don't have to disclose who is in the organization/ where money comes from |
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Term
| three effects of campaigns of voters |
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Definition
1. reinforcement *
2. activation
3. conversion |
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Term
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Definition
| organization of people with similar policy goals who enter the political process to achieve those goals |
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Term
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Definition
IGs are good
they give citizens a voice and they balance each other out |
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Term
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Definition
IGs are bad
they are not all created equal, they don't all have the same amount of $$ |
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Term
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Definition
| system is bad because ALL bad IGs are too powerful/ too successful/ too influential |
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Term
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Definition
| people getting the rewards of something without having to contribute or participate |
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Term
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Definition
done by IGs
give money to candidates (have to convince candidate to do what they want) |
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Term
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Definition
| campaign donations, TV ads, mobilization of voters |
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Term
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Definition
| taking it to court- getting courts to say something is unconstitutional (ex. Brown v. board- NAACP) |
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Term
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Definition
| state level method of direct legislation hat gives voters a chance to approve/ disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment (put on the ballot) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1993, requires states to permit people to register to vote at the same time as they apply for their driver's license |
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Term
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Definition
| electoral choices made on the basis of where the candidates stand on policy issues |
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Term
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Definition
| selection of the president by the electors (chosen by the state parties) |
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Term
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Definition
1. primary elections- electing nominees
2. general elections between the nominees
3. elections on specific policy questions |
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Term
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Definition
no primaries, nominating conventions, candidate speeches, or entourage of supporters. first friendly transfer of power
only property owning white males voted |
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Term
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Definition
| William McKinley ran a "front porch campaign" against William Jennings Bryan, who gave over 600 speeches, and WM won. |
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Term
| Who is more likely to vote |
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Definition
higher education
older
african americans/ hispanics are underrepresented
women
married
if someone in your family is in a union |
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Term
| How many electoral votes does each state have? |
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Definition
| the amount of its representatives in the house and senator (at least 3) |
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Term
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Definition
| activities of members on congress that help constituents as individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| the mighty list of federal projects, grants and contracts available to cities, businesses, college and institutions in a congressional district |
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Term
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Definition
| legislature divided into 2 houses |
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Term
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Definition
| institution unique to the house of representatives that reviews all bills coming from house committees before if goes to the full house |
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Term
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Definition
| strategy unique to the senate whereby opponents of a piece of legislation try to "talk it to death" |
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Term
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Definition
| office mandated in the constitution. Speaker is chosen by majority party, has formal and informal powers. in line after VP to be pres |
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Term
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Definition
| principal partisan ally of the speaker of the house or the party's manager in the senate. responsible for scheduling bills, influencing committee assignments, and rounding up votes on behalf of the party's legislative positions |
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Term
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Definition
| party leaders who work with majority and minority leaders to count votes beforehand and lean on waverers whose votes are crucial to the bill |
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Term
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Definition
| principal leader of the minority party in the house of reps and senate |
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Term
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Definition
| separate subject-matter committees in each house of congress that handle bills in different policy aread |
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Term
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Definition
| congressional committees on a few subject matter areas with membership drawn from both houses |
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Term
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Definition
| congressional committees formed when the senate and the house pass a particular bill in different forms. Party leadership appoints members from each house to iron out the differences bring back a single back |
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Term
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Definition
| congressional committees appointed for a specific purpose (ex. watergate investigation) |
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Term
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Definition
| congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, preformed mainly through hearings |
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Term
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Definition
| most important influencers of the congressional agenda. manage when bills are brought in front of the house |
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Term
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Definition
| group of members of congress sharing some interest or characteristic. most are composed of members from both parties and both houses |
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Term
| amount of people and qualifications required in the house of representatives and the senate |
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Definition
House of reps: 435 members, but be 25 years old and have been an American citizen for 7 years
Senate: 100 members, must be 30 years old and have been a citizen for 9 years |
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Term
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Definition
= president
they help to create congress' agenda |
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Term
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Definition
| mix of trustees (using their best judgment to make policy in the interests of their constituents) and instructed delegates (mirroring the preferences of their constituents) |
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Term
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Definition
| such as computerized mailings to encourage citizens to pressure their representative on an issue |
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Term
| Congress in session is congress ___ _________, congress in committees is congress __ _______. |
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Definition
Wilson quote:
Congress in session is congress on display, congress in committees is congress at work |
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Term
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Definition
| members of congress have the privilege of sending mail free of charge |
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Term
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Definition
| a hierarchical structure that uses task specialization, operates on merit principle, ad behaves with impersonality. They govern modern states |
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Definition
| idea that hiring should be based on enterance exams and promotion rating to produce administration by people with talent and skill |
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Term
| Office of Personnel management |
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Definition
| OPM- office in charge of hiring for most agencies of federal government |
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Term
| GS (general schedule) rating |
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Definition
| schedule for federal employees (GS1-GS18) by which salaries can be keyed to rating and experience |
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Term
| senior executive service (SES) |
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Definition
| elite cadre of about 9000 federal government managers, established by civil service reform act of 1978, most career officials but include some political appointees who do not require senate confirmation |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of policy making between the establishment of a policy and the consequences of the policy for the people whom it affects. Implementation involves translating the goals and objectives of a policy into an operating, on going program |
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Term
| administration discretion |
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Definition
| the authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem |
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