Term
|
Definition
| Era marked by major social, religious, and health crises. War, plague, social unrest, and religious schism characterized this era. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Era associated w/ Italy for its strategic location, profitable Eurasian trade, and patronage to the arts, gov., and education. Rebirth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reaction against traditions, policies, dogma, and abuses on the Catholic Church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People who opposed the church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Era of religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Catholic League vs. Huguenots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Series of wars in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648 among Catholics and Protestants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gradual movement which involved a few hundred scientists laboring independently, making significant discoveries in the field of astronomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Famous for geocentric view of universe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Advocated geocentric view, made most extensive observations of the planets than any of the predecessors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brahe's assistant; proposed idea of elliptical orbits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the first astronomers to view the sky w/ a telescope; put on trial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed scientific method that relied on deduction and not empirical study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wrote Leviathan; humans = materialistic, egotistical, hedonistic. Rulers should have no limit on power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Believed human beings were creature of basically good will that entered into a social contract to preserve their existing liberties and rights |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"leap of faith", allied w/ Jansenists
Famous wager: better to believe that God exists than to not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Religion based upon teachings of St. Augustine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Referring to various political and social relationships prior to the French Revolution of 1789 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Laws giving aristocratic landowners the exclusive legal rights to hunt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unpaid labor in lieu of taxes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moving away from relatives; creating own household |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pioneered new methods of animal breeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Replaced open-field method of farming; commercialized agriculture and maximized profits of landowner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Economic theory of regulating trade and commerce in hopes of profitting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| System used to control supplies and bullion that went to and from Spanish colonies |
|
|
Term
| War of Austrian Succession |
|
Definition
| War fought by Austria, Britain, and the Netherlands against Prussia, France, and Spain in support of the right of succession of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne and against the territorial aims of Prussia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All forms of printed text and other printed forms of visual communication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French intellectuals of the 18th century |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Belief that religion and reason could be combined; believed that God must be rational and religion should be so as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| English economist that believed economic liberty was the foundation for a natural economic system; laissez-faire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Created the idea of division of power among the branches of government; wrote Spirit of the Laws |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Envisioned a society where the individual could maintain personal freedom while participating as a loyal member in a larger community; wrote The Social Contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Issued a report blaming the aristocratic government for France's financial troubles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French Parliament, political organization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wealthy members of the professional middle class (aka everyone else) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lists of grievances presented to the monarch. The Third Estate petitioned the king for equality of rights among the king's subjects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A solemn oath the Third Estate took to not disband until the National Assembly had drafted a constitution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Event that swept the countryside due to peasants that felt they were reclaiming what was rightfully theirs had been lost to aristocrats over time |
|
|
Term
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
|
Definition
| A document that claimed all men were "born and remain free and equal in rights" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Men paying annual taxes equal to three days of local labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aristocrats that left France and plotted counterrevolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of deputies from Third Estate; radical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Committee of representatives from wards of Paris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paris Commune murdered about 1,200 people in jails, many of whom were aristocrats and priests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Condemned Revolution in France for its extreme measures |
|
|
Term
| Committee of Public Safety |
|
Definition
| Created to carry out executive duties of the government, held more power than Committee of General Security |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Military conscription for all males to be mobilized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period marked by quasi-judicial executions from autumn 1793 to mid-summer 1794; de-Christianization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Powerful member of Committee of Public Safety, established "Cult of the Supreme Being" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political reconstruction after Reign of Terror |
|
|
Term
| Constitution of the Year III |
|
Definition
| Issued by the Convention; provided bicameral legislature (Council of Elders and Council of Five Hundred) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Government formed by Napoleon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct vote of all men in an electorate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Napoleon made peace with Catholic Church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prussia, England, Austria, Russia and Sweden |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Turkey/Ottoman Empire, England, Austria, Russia (T.E.A.R.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spain, Holland/Netherlands, Austria, Prussia, England and Sardinia (S.H.A.P.E.S.) |
|
|
Term
| Confederation of the Rhine |
|
Definition
| Organized by Napoleon; enabled the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Four Main Goals
1. No one power should dominate; Balance of Powers
2. Restoration of "legitimate" or traditional governments and monarchs
3. Policy of containing France
4. A non-vindictive boundary settlement with France (borders) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reaction against though of Enlightenment; rejected ideas of philosophes; elevated role of individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Faith that stressed inward, heartfelt religion; founded by John Wesley |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Works refuted rational focus of Enlightenment; negated importance of imagination and feeling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ended religious civil war between Roman Catholics and Lutherans in German states; gave each German prince right to determine religion for his state (Catholic or Lutheran); didn't recognize Calvinists or other religions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reformed Catholic Church disciplines and reaffirmed church doctrine
1.)Preserved papacy ad center of Christianity
2.)Confirmed 7 sacraments
3.)Latin=language of worship
4.)Forbade clerical marriage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Issued by Henry IV of France
1.)Granted religious toleration to French Protestants
2.)Revoked by Louis XIV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ended the Thirty Years' War
1.)Recognized Calvinism
2.)Sovereign authority of 300+ German states
3.)Led to political fragmentation of Germany
4.)Sweden= major power
5.)United Provinces of the Netherlands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ended Louis XIV's efforts to dominate Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Guaranteed succession of Habsburg emperor Charles VI's eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, to the throne |
|
|
