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The rebirth of learning that began in Northern Italy in the 14th century and later spread north to Europe.
The interest in classical antiquity. The cultural achievements of the 14th-16th centuries. |
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| Twelfth century Northern Italian city-states that gained political power and economic independence from local nobles. Merchant guilds formed and ran them. |
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| Great Italian banking family who controlled Florence from 1434 to 1494 |
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| Renaissance Learning that emphasize classical writings and human beings, their achievements, interests and capabilities |
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| A basic concerned with the material world instead of the eternal world of spirit. That which is not religious |
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| Italian humanists who wrote oration on the dignity of man . this is an example of the Renaissance interest in humans and the belief in the dignity of life. People have the power to shape their own lives. |
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| Florentine author who wrote Decameron. His characters made fun of ambitious merchants, lecherous friars & cucked husbands. He showed a society that was sensual and worldly without denouncing secularism. |
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| Pope from 1503 to 1513. Greatest art patron among the Popes. He authorized Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel. Good example of papal encouragement of a new worldly attitude. |
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| Florentine "Golden Age" Renaissance artist . Known for his delicate line work. Many of his paintings involved philosophical and allegorical meanings. |
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Nickname: "The rich"
Considered the richest man in 15th century Europe. German (Augsburg) merchant who became a banker to the church and various governments. Established a low-income housing complex that still exists today. |
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| The everyday language of a given area. Renaissance writers and scholars using these languages instead of Latin. Increase the number of people who could read a given work. |
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| The subject of Machiavelli's The Prince. He was the son of Pope Alexander VI , whom he hoped to unify the Papal states using ruthless methods. |
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| Stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and the fullest development of talent. Thirst for fame, ambition, and desire for success. The quest for glory. A renaissance trait. |
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| Humanist who wrote On Pleasure and On the False Donation of Constantine. His work weakened Papal claims to political authority. Considered the father of modern historical criticism. |
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The 1400's in Italy. The period of the Renaissance.
Italian, literally '400', from milquattrocento, '1400' |
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| Italian Renaissance art historian. Wrote Lives of the Painters, Sculptors and Architects. Contemporary of Michelangelo and others. |
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| Renaissance artist and scientist. His ideas included flying machines and parachutes . his paintings include the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper. Considered an example of a Renaissance man |
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| High Renaissance painter . painted mostly for the Pope. Most famous for the School of Athens, Madonnas, and portraits. His work combined classical with Christian elements. |
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| Master painter, sculptor, and architect from the High Renaissance. Most famous for Peita , David, and the Sistine Chapel frescoes. |
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| Early Renaissance fresco painter. Began a revolution of realism in art. |
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| Classic inspired Renaissance sculptor. His shepherd boy David was the first free standing human nude since ancient times. |
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| 23 year old Renaissance goldsmith who spent 50 years making two sets of bronze doors for the Baptistery in Florence. His doors were said to be like the gates of Paradise. |
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| Renaissance architect who built the classical style dome on the Cathedral of Florence. |
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| Renaissance painter the father of modern painting . Developed the technique of perspective and realism. |
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| Early Renaissance writer . Wrote The Divine Comedy in Italian . Bridge between medieval and modern styles. Both religious and secular. |
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| Renaissance author of the courtier . this was a popular how to book for young people. Became the standard for European gentleman. Encouraged young people to be "all they could be" |
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| Early Renaissance Italian poet who wrote in Italian and Latin. Imitated style of Cicero . Strove for classical virtues of simplicity and purity. Considered to be the first humanist. |
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| Dutch humanist who wrote in Praise of Folly. Stressed the importance of education as a means to reform. Believed Christ is Christianity. |
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| The centuries-long attempts of Christians to throw the Muslims and Jews out of Spain. |
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| The use of a church judicial power to throw the Jews Muslims and Protestants out of Spain. Used torture. Served as a political unifying force for Spain. |
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| Label given to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. Renaissance rulers who stressed royal authority and national purpose. |
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| Taxes on salt and land that increased the power of French kings. |
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| The ideal individual who excelled in many fields. People who strive to be well-rounded today or called this. A person who sets an example for others. |
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| Unsuccessful plot to overthrow the Medici rulers of Florence. An assassination attempt in the cathedral on Easter was supported by Pope Sixtus IV. Giuliano de'Medici was killed but his brother Lorenzo escaped. The people of Florence came to the aid of the Medici family and killed the conspirators. Led to a two year war with the Papacy but strengthen the power of Lorenzo de Medici. |
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| Believed the classical elements of calmness, patience, and broad-mindedness should be combined with the Christian virtues of love, faith, and hope. Stressed the use of reason. Believed man, while sinful, was basically good and could be improved with education to lead an ethical life. |
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| A medieval institution revived by Isabella and Ferdinand in Spain these "brotherhoods" were given both police and judicial powers. They were used to break the power of the aristocracy and enforced the royal authority. |
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| Jews who had converted to Christianity during the anti-Semitic riots of the 14th century in Spain. Isabella and Ferdinand revived the Inquisition to deal with their "backsliding". Eventually Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492. |
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| One man rulers and rule by merchant aristocracy that provided leadership for Italian city-states after 1300. The true power behind Republican governments. |
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| French Renaissance "spider king". Strengthened the French monarchy through improved economics, the invasion of Burgundy, the acquisition of lands and the marriage of his son to Anne of Brittany. |
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| Tudor Renaissance King of England. Rebuilt the monarchy by improving economics, crushing the Irish, and the marriage of his daughter to the Scottish king. |
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| Spanish Renaissance rulers. They increase royal power by limiting the power of the nobles and church. They used the Spanish Inquisition to throw out Jews, Muslims, and Protestants. |
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| the court set up by Henry VII in England to limit aristocratic interference and power. Use extreme methods, but got the results they were hoping for. Limited the nobility |
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| Pope from 1492 to 1503. With the help of his son Cecare Borgia, he reasserted Papal Authority in the papal states of Italy. Known for worldliness and corruption. Ordered the execution of Savonarola. |
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| Dominican friar whose sermons in 1491 through 1494 helped bring down the Medici family. He became the religious leader of Florence until he went too far with the Bonfire of the Vanities and he was excommunicated and executed. His rise shows the instability of the Italian city-states and the common man's backlash at the worldly upper classes. |
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| Pope from a 1513 to 1521 son of Lorenzo de'Medici. One of the most extravagant Renaissance Pope's. Signed the Concordat of Bologna with French King Francis I, which gave French kings of the right to select French Bishop and abbots, therefore control over the church in France. He authorized the "sale of indulgences" to pay for Saint Peters dome in 15 17 and later excommunicated Martin Luther when he had a problem with it in 1521. |
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| Florentine Goldsmith and sculptor. Wrote his autobiography which gives us valuable insight to the political and social life of the 16th century. Recognized his own genius. A good example of individualism. |
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| French humanist. Wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel. Used wild and gross humor to examine institutions and individuals that need reform. Believed in the basic goodness of people. Combined Renaissance love of life with desire for improvement. |
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| Renaissance statesman and author of The Prince. A book about how a ruler should gain, maintain, and increase power. His name stands for politically devious, corrupt or crafty tactics. The philosophy that says the end justify the means. Written for Lorenzo de Medici it was based on the methods of Cesare Borgia |
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| Inventor of movable type printing press. Printed a Bible in 1456. Greatly increase the amount of printed materials available and therefore increase literacy. |
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| English Christian humanist. Wrote Utopia describing an ideal socialist community which is "nowhere". He blamed Society for Human problems and therefore looked to reform social institutions in order to better society. Executed by Henry VIII during the English Reformation for refusing to acknowledge Henry as the head of the Church of England. Made a saint by the Catholic Church. |
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| German law student who became a friar and later a priest. He was the professor of the Scriptures at the University of Wittenberg from 1512 until 1546. He believed salvation was achieved by faith and grace not good works. His posting of the 95 theses on the Wittenberg castle church is considered to be the beginning of the Protestant movement. He loved the Christian movement that broke away from the Catholic Church. |
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| The term first used to refer to the followers of Luther, known as Lutherans. Later it would come to include all non Catholic Christians. Began in the early 1500's in Germany. |
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| a document could be purchased from the Catholic Church to secure of a total remission of penalties for sending. The issue that began the Protestant Reformation. |
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| A list of propositions on the topic of indulgencees that Martin Luther posted on the Wittenberg castle church to begin a discussion of the issue. |
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| The friar who abused the selling of indulgences and made Luther so mad that he wrote the 95 theses. |
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| Debated Martin Luther at Leipzig. Topic: Authority of the Pope and the infallibility of a General Council. |
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| Diet of Worms/ Edict of Worms |
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| Assembly called by Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. Luther was ordered to appear before it and recant. When he refused, quite elegantly, Luther was declared an outlaw and denied legal protection. |
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| Catholic belief that consecrating words of the priest during the Mass turns the bread and wine into the actual body and blood of Christ. |
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| A list of grievances of the Swabian peasants. They complain about a new rents, new services owed, death duties, and the seizure of once common lands. They quoted scripture and Luther. Luther supported them at first but when they turned violent, Luther turned against them, (Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants). |
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| Protestant reformer in the Swiss cities of Zurich and burn. Followed Luther's ideas. |
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| French law and philosophy students fled to Switzerland where he published institutes of the Christian religion. Big idea : Doctrine of Predestination. Gave a systematic Protestant philosophy. Set up a religious society in Geneva. |
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| Lutheran belief but the consecrated bread and wine undergo a spiritual change whereby Christ is really present but the bread and wine are not transformed. |
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| To be thrown out of the Church. Cut off from the sacraments and all Christian worship. |
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| Began as a strong Austrian family. Expanded through marriage to include holdings in Burgundy in France, Spain and parts of Italy, and the Spanish New World. |
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| John Calvin's idea. Calvin did not believe man had free will. He believed God had decided at the beginning who would be saved and damned. |
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| A group of twelve laymen and the Company of Pastors, led by Calvin. Their job was to watch over citizens' conduct within the reformed city. They punished both crimes and un-Christian behavior. At times using torture and capital punishment. |
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| Spanish humanist who denied the Holy Trinity and child baptism. Calvin had him burned at the stake. |
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Those who followed the teachings of John Calvin-
France: Huguenots
Scotland: Presbyterians
England: Puritans |
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| The "left wing radical" part of the protestant movement. Believed in adult baptism, separation of Church and state, religious tolerance, independent community churches, and pacifism. They allowed women to be ministers. They were always a small minority and persecuted for their beliefs. Their beliefs were adopted by Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalists, and the US founding fathers. |
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| English king who went from "Defender of the Faith" to separating from the Church. Began the Church of England because he wanted a divorce. |
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| Early English reformers. A small group of working-class people who stressed individual bible-reading and responsibility to God. They disliked the clergy, the wealth of the Church, sacraments, worship of saints, and war. |
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| English humanist who began printing an English translation I'd the New Testament after visiting Luther. Encouraged reform in England. |
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| Declared Henry VIII to be the head of the Church of England. For refusing to take it's oath, Sir Thomas More and others were beheaded. |
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| Sickly son of Henry VIII. During his six year reign, England became more protestant. |
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| Archbishop Thomas Crammer |
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| During the protestant rule of Edward VI in England, this man organized the beliefs and liturgy of the Church of England in the 42 Articles of Religion and Book of Common Prayer. |
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| Catholic daughter of Henry VIII. During her 5-year rule, she tried to reconvert England to Catholicism. Married to king Philip of Spain. Her nickname was Bloody Mary for ask the protestants she killed. |
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| Moderate protestant daughter of Henry VIII. During her 46-year rule, the Angelican Church established its traditions. As the "Virgin" Queen, she also became the last Tudor ruler. She executed Mary Queen of Scots, her cousin, defeated the Spanish Armada, and ruled over a golden age for England. |
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| Laws from the early years of her reign that required outward conformity to the Church of England. |
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| The basic beliefs of the Church of England during the reign of Elizabeth. Service in English, no monasteries, clergy could marry, but the services were otherwise traditional. |
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| Catholic queen of Scotland, run out of the country by Presbyterians. She live with her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I, until being beheaded for conspiring to overthrow said cousin and queen. |
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| Spread Calvinism to Scotland. There it became known as Presbyterian. Chased Mary Queen of Scots out of the country. |
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| The king of Sweden who led a successful revolt against Denmark. Then he head a Lutheran reformation within Sweden. |
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| The Catholic movement for renewal that began in 1517. The Catholic reaction to Protestantism that began in the 1540's. Included the calling of the council of Trent, the establishment of new religious orders, the Roman Inquisition and the Index of Prohibited Books. |
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| Medici pope who was more interested in art than religion. He's responsible for the great spread of Protestantism with his lack of reaction. |
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| Reforming renaissance pope who called the council of Trent to deal with Protestantism. |
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| Catholic church meeting from 1545 to 1563, in which Catholic beliefs were reaffirmed and abuses corrected. The doctrinal and disciplinary laws would guide the Church for the next 400 years. |
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| Nuns, found by Angela Medici to combat heresy through Christian education. Their mission was to educate young girls. Important to the Catholic Reformation. |
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| Founded by Ignatius Loyola, this new religious order was formed to combat Protestantism, to spread the Catholic faith to new lands, and to provide humanist educations to the young. |
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| Index of Prohibited Books |
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| Catalogue of forbidden readings issued by the Holy Office of the Pope as part of the counter reformation. |
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| Habsburg ruler of Austria, Burgundy, Spain, and parts of Italy and the Spanish New World. As holy Roman Emperor he served the Pope. The last medieval emperor. Defender of the Catholic church and therefore anti-protestant. |
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