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| Antimonarchist Directory put own supporters into legislative seats and won; exiled enemies |
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| General in charge of Italian campaign; sent one sub to Paris to see success of coup; Jacobin; favored revolution |
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| Concluded by Napoleon; took Austria out of the war and crowned Napoleon's campaign with success; emergence of larger German states in the west dependent on Napoleon |
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| Destroyed French fleet at Abukir in 1798 |
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| Britain, Russia, Austria, and Ottomans vs. France |
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| Director; proposed new constitution; author of What is the Third Estate, govt based on "confidence from below, power from above" |
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| What is the Third Estate? (1789) |
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| Abbe Sieyes; wanted an executive body independent on politics; required another coup d'etat with military support |
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Wanted:
Democratic principles with male pain as a screen
Complicated system of checks and balances (republican)
Council of State (Louis XIV) and the rule of one man: The First Consul, Bonaparte |
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| Ended revolution in France; abolished hereditary privilege and satisfied peasants; Bonaparte accepted and gave security to the people |
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| Treaty of Luneville (1801) |
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| Treaty (Peace) of Amiens (1802) |
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| Britain made peace with Europe and restored peace within France; didn't last |
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| Duke accused of participation in royalist plot and killed even though innocent |
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| Charles Maurice de Talleyrand- Perigord |
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| Napoleon's foreign minister; regarded execution of duke of Enghien as "worse than a crime- a blunder" and ended royalist plots |
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| Made concordant with Napoleon |
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| Concordant with the Roman Catholic Church |
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| Made the refractory clergy and revs resign; bishops named by state and were paid by state; church gave up claims on confiscated property |
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| The Organic Articles of 1802 |
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| Established supremacy of state over church |
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| Civic Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code) |
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| Safeguarded forms of property and secured French society against internal challenges; no privilege based on birth; employment of officials based on merit replaced officials that were bought |
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| Napoleon conquered most of Europe until this battle; final defeat for Napoleon |
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| Returned to office as prime minister in 1804 and began to construct Third Coalition |
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| British admiral; destroyed French and Spanish fleets at Battle of Trafalgar off Spanish coast; |
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| Napoleon died and guaranteed British control of sea for rest of war |
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| Won major concessions from Austria; Australians withdrew from Italy and left Napoleon in control of everything north of Rome; king of Italy |
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| Confederation of the Rhine |
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| Western German princes withdrawl from the HRE; led Francis II to dissolve ancient political body and call self Emperor Francis I of Austria |
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| Forbid allies from importing British goods |
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| Decided Prussia was ready to make peace; Napoleon met on a raft in Nieman River while two armies watched from the bank |
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| Confirmed France's gains; reduced Prussia to half its side; Prussia openly and Russia secretly became allies of Napoleon |
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| Napoleon's brother; was denied a kingdom because of Napoleon's disapproval of his wife |
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| Attempted to stop neutral nations from trading with Britain |
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| Feared reform along with Junkers |
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| Baron vom Stein and Count von Hardenberg |
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| Reformers; neither intended to reduce autocratic power of Prussian monarch or end Junkers who formed bulwark of state and army corps |
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| Napoleon's brother; placed on Spanish throne; members of upper classes ready to collab but peasants rose in rebellion |
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| General of British; later duke of Wellington; supported Spanish insurgents; drew French strength from elsewhere in Europe |
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| German princes did not move and French army moved into Austria and won |
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| Deprived Austria of much territory and 3.5 million subjects |
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| Napoleon's wife; 46 and bore no children; divorced |
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| Acted as a satelitte on Russian doorstep and enlargement after Battle of Wagram angered Alexander |
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| French marshal and future King Charles of Sweden and marriage to princess disturbed tsar |
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| Destroyed all food and supplies for the French |
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| Russian general; wished to avoid fight |
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| Bloodiest fight of Napoleonic era; cost 30,000 French men casualties and twice for the Russians |
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| Prince Klemens von Metternich |
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| Austrian foreign minister; wanted peace that would leave Napoleon on a shrunken throne than see Europe dominated by Russia |
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| Combined enemies at Leipzig defeated French |
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| Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh |
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| Key person in achieving agreement; British foreign secretary; brought signing of Treaty of Chaumont |
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| Treaty of Chaumont (1814) |
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| Provided for the restoration of Bourbons on French throne and the contraction of France to its frontiers of 1792 |
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| Assembled in 1814 but did not end until 1815 |
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| Conducted important work of conference; only full session met to ratify arrangements made by the big 4 |
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| Wanted all of Poland; Prussia was willing to give it to him in return for all of Saxony; Austria unwilling |
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| Suggested weight of France added to Britain and Austria may bring Alexander to his senses; secret treaty news got out and tsar became ruler of smaller Poland |
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| Field Marshal von Blucher |
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| Prussian; helped Wellington; defeated Napoleon at Waterloo and Napoleon was abducted and sent into exile on Saint Helena |
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| Period of Napoleon's return; frightened great powers and made peace harsher for France; victors imposed a war |
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| Proposed by Alexander; monarchs permitted to act in accordance with Christian principles; England abstained; symbol of extreme political reason |
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| Among England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia; new purpose in European diplomacy; powers determined to prevent war |
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| Great powers framed international relations so the major powers would respect and not use military |
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| Reaction to Enlightenment; writers saw imagination supplementing reason as perceiving the world; revival of Christianity and medieval times; human nature over society |
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| Rosseau; difference between children and adults; stages of human maturation and urged that children be raised with freedom; child's sentiments important |
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| Wrote two greatest philosophical works in 18th century: the Critique of Pure Reason (1781) and The Critique of Practical Reason (1788); subjective character of human knowledge; human mind does not reflect the world around it but imposes a world of sensory experience |
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| All humans possess an innate sense of moral duty; inner command to act in every situation as others would |
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| Decisive refutation of narrow rationality of Enlightenment; presence of a special power in humans that could be set beyond reason; mostly poets and artists possessed powers |
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| Appeared in English and French lit in 17th century; described unreal literature |
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| Associated romantic literature with medieval romances |
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| Used terms romantic and Gothic interchangeably |
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| August Wilhelm von Schlegal |
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| Praised "romantic" literature of Dante and Shakespeare; romantic literature was to classic lit what living was to mechanical; Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature (1809-1811) |
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| Madame de Stael and Victor Hugo |
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| Caused Romantic movement in Germany and England before France |
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| French writer; first to declare himself a romantic; praised Shakespeare and criticized Jean Racine |
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| artist's imagination was God at work in the mind; imagination= "a repetition in the finite mind of the eternal act of creation in the infinite I AM." |
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| "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" |
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| Story about sailor cursed for killing an albatross; treats the subject as a crime against God |
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| Coleridge's close friend; published Lyrical Ballads (1798) with him as a new poet |
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| "Ode on Imitations of Immorality" (1803) |
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| Wordsworth; Later poem; consoled Coleridge who was suffering from a personal crisis; maturation= child's loss of imagination |
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| Wordsworth; book length poem; presented a long account on the growth of a poet's mind |
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| Rebel among poets and disliked; little sympathy for imagination by was viewed as embodiment of the new person of the French Revolution; rejected old traditions |
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| Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812) |
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| Lord Byron; Created a brooding, melancholy romantic hero |
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| Lord Byron; Ribald humor; nature's cruelty along with its beauty and urban life |
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First German romantic novelist;
William Lovell: contrasts young life built on imagination with those who live on reason |
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| Schlegel Friedrich Schlegel |
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| Wrote Lucinde (1799) which attacked prejudices against women as being just lovers |
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| Johann Wolfgang von Goethe |
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| Greatest German writer of modern times; defied any classification |
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| The Sorrows of Young Wrther (1774) |
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| Goethe; Series of letters; hero falls in love with Lotte who is married and they part in the end; Werther lives his own life; about living on outside of polite society |
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| Faust Part 1 and 2 (1808 and 1832) |
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| Goethe; most popular works; a man makes a pact with the devil for more knowledge, falls in love with a woman, she dies and goes to heaven and he continues; he goes through adventures and dedicates his life to improve mankind |
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| Originated in the middle of the 18th century as a revolt against deism; background of Romanticism |
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| Leader of Methodist Movement; organized Holy club and he and his brother Charles began to organize Methodist societies |
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| The Genius of Christianity (1802) |
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| Viscount Francois Rene de Chateaubriand; expressed sentiments; "bible of romanticism"; essence of religion is passion |
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Made a great impact on modern world;
Speeches on Religion to Its Cultured Despisers (1799): Response to rationalism and advocated religion as neither a dogma or system of ethics; just independence |
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| Important German philosopher and nationalist; identified individual ego with Absolute that underlies all existing things; world is creation of humankind and is special because of the people in it |
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Early leader; resented French culture in Germany;
Published essay "On the Knowing and Feelings of the Human Soul" which rejected mechanical explanation of nature; brothers Jakob and Wilhelm (Grimms) |
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| Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel |
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| Most important romantic philosopher; believed ideas develop in evolution; The Phenomenology of Mind (1806) and Lectures on the Philosophy of History (1822-1831) discussed cultures contributing and clashing for new ideas |
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| Set of ideas and could hold sway |
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| Merging of theses into a new thesis and process repeats |
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| Tales of the Crusades (1825) |
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| By Sir Walter Scott; ignored havoc inflicted by crusaders |
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| One Thousand and One Nights (1778) (Arabian Nights) |
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| Muslim world in positive fashion |
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| Published popular translation of Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, a Persian poet |
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| British historian and social commentator |
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| On Heroes and Hero-Worship (1841) |
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| Carlyle; presented Muhammad as prophet hero; Muhammad sincere |
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| Carlyle; concentrated on ancient Egypt; categories of thought |
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| the Critique of Pure Reason (1781) and The Critique of Practical Reason (1788) |
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| Immanuel Kant; subjective character of human knowledge; human mind does not reflect the world around it but imposes a world of sensory experience |
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| Its Cultured Despisers (1799) |
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| Schleimacher; Response to rationalism and advocated religion as neither a dogma or system of ethics; just independence |
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| The Phenomenology of Mind (1806) and Lectures on the Philosophy of History (1822-1831) |
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| Hegel; discussed cultures contributing and clashing for new ideas |
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