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| Civilization is an advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society, marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of record-keeping, including writing, and the appearance of complex political and social institutions. This definition is important to historians because civilization represents the transition from hunter-gatherers to an advanced stage of human grouping in which living goes beyond survival. Humans live to live and not just to achieve basic needs such as eating and sleeping. Also, the word “civilization” separates complex societies from settlements because of certain traits such as political structure and a distinctive religious structure. |
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unification of Egypt
biggest pyramids
pharoah = god |
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golden age, stable
ruler took son to train for ruling
hieroglyphics |
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recovered from hyksos invaders
got bronze from them
some imperialistic conquest |
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live around Palestine
Torah = rules
Saul = first king
David conquered Jerusalem
Solomon built Temple of Jerusalem with Ark of Covenant
split into two(one is conquered by Assyria, then Chaldeans, then Persians |
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Persian leader
religious tolerance |
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father conquered Egypt w/ Phoenician help
brought Persia to height |
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1. all had to be Persian
2. owed tribute to empire
3. provided soldiers
4. administer justice |
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balance between good and evil
spread because rulers adopted it |
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broke aristocratic cavalry power
organized |
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| tyrant of Athens, overthrown |
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| introduced democracy reforms |
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Cause: Ionian Greeks rebel w/ Athens help = Persians crush Ionians and want to punish Athens for helping them
Versus: Persia vs. Greeks
Results: Greeks win, Delian League |
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| Beginning of end for Athens |
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1. all male citizens became democracy members
2. moves Delian treasury to Athens
3. builds stuff w/ the money |
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Cause: Sparta and rest of Greece mad at Athens
Athens vs. Other Greeks
Results: Athens loses because of plague
Significance: Allows Macedonians to conquer Greek because their still fighting |
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| significance: first to systematically analyze, record and verify information |
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| relies on rational reasoning, not spiritual like Herodotus |
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| Greek Contributions to Art |
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1. harmony
2. balance
3. symmetry
4. moderation
5. reason |
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| ideal forms, abstract concepts |
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| reasoning through observation |
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| Significance of Alexander the Great |
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| promoted trade and culture throughout the world |
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| Greek contributions to Science |
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1. discovered the circumference of earth
2. Euclid and geometry
3. first society to say hey sun is center of earth
4. determined value of pi
5. understanding of human body |
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| heredity, based off of God's body, Indian |
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| what you do affects your future lives |
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| Japan, polytheistic, worship of nature |
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| Estruscan influence on Romans |
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1. toga
2. alphabet
3. language
4. military style |
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Cause: Rome and Carthage struggle over Sicily
Results: Carthage lose
Significance: mercenaries suck |
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1. Rhetoric was key
2. religion lacks emotional support
3. public speaking
4. slaves are important |
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| materialism, greed, Senate dominated everyday life |
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| fails at systematically solving Rome's problems instead of war |
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1. introduction of solar calender
2. reformed Roman Republic
3. dictator
4. just |
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| Marcus Aurelius, Hadrian, Trajan, Nerva, Antoninus Pius |
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| Five Good Emperors or Octavian |
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1. Invaders(Persians, Goths, and Franks)
2. Rome hired mercenaries |
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| Causes: road networks in Rome, addressed emotional aspect of religion |
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| sets up medical side of science |
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| Church's role in Scientific Revolution |
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| Initially support Aristotle because of geocentric view and that God controls Earth |
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| Renaissance's role on Scientific Revolution |
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| Emphasis on observation, detail |
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| everything has spark, people can control everything if can harness the spark |
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| Aristotle's contributions to Scientific Revolution |
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geocentric
stars are made of otherworldly material
uniform orbits
stars are spheres |
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observes and finds fault with orbits and uniform rates
heliocentric
publishes at deathbed because scared of Inquisition |
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observes and finds fault with orbits and uniform rates
heliocentric
publishes at deathbed because scared of Inquisition |
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| gathers information on planetary movements for others to analyze |
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| does math, Laws of Planetary Motion: no uniform speeds, no perfect circles, sun = off center, larger planet = slower movement |
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| builds telescope, sees Jupiter's moons, gets in trouble w/ Inquisition, figures out how to time things when they fall |
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invents calculus, gravity mathematically, 3 laws: body at rest, body in motion, reaction; escapes Inquisition because England isn't affected by Catholicism; deism; stimulates other scientific research from others because of his Natural Laws, deism did not appeal to peasants because they want God to intervene in
daily life |
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| you can cure people by analyzing problems |
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1. helps females because they get to participate(women are tutored w/ brothers)
2. discovers comet
3. men manipulate science to inferiorate women
4. women lose caretaking roles(no more midwives) |
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| validity of existence, importance of senses, Cartesian - rely on mind |
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combines Descartes and religion;
people misinterpret God's wants(people feel bad when they commit sins because of combination of morality and nature |
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God exists, humans = unworthy of God;
Christ = right faith
people can't understand God because he is infinite |
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| inferiorizes women in science |
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| publish ideas in articles and journals |
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| 1. first chemical laboratories; 2. medical treatment of disease; 3. discovered Algebra; 4. passed along numeric system; 5. mosque architecture |
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