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| Advocates of the abolition of the slave trade and of slavery. |
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| A system of government in which the ruler claims sole and incontestable power. |
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| Increasingly aggressive attitudes toward investment in and management of land that increased production of food in the 1700s. |
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| Russian tsar (r. 1855-1881) who initiated the age of Great Reforms and emanicpated the serfs in 1861. |
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| Sixteenth-century Protestants who believed that only adults could truly have fait and accept baptism. |
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| The belief that people should not have government; it was popular among some peasants and workers in the last half of the nineteenth century and the first decdes of the twentieth. |
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| Making concessions in the face of grievances as a way of preventing conflict. |
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| An early-twentieth-century artistic style in graphics, fashion, and household design that features flowing, sinuous lines, borrowed in large part from Asian art. |
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| The network of trade established in the 1700s that bound together western Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Europeans sold slaves from western AFrica and bought commodities that were produced by the new colonial plantations in North and South America and the Carribean. |
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| An artisctic style of the seventeenth century that featured curves, exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism. |
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| The final battle lost by Napoleon; it took place near Brussels on June 18, 1815, and led to the deposed emperor's final exile. |
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| Author of The Second Sex (1949), a globally influential work that created an interpretation of women's age-old inferior status from existentialist philosophy. |
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| The German composer (1770-1827) who helped set the direction of musical romanticism; his music used recurring and evolving themes to convey the impression of natural growth. |
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| Wealthy leader of the militant Islamic group al-Qaeda, which executed terrorist plots, including September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States, to end the presence of U.S. forces in his home country, Saudia Arabia. |
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| 1815-1898. Leading Prussian politician and German chancellor who waged war in order to create a united German Empire, which was established in 1871. |
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| The term historians give to the disease that swept through Europe in 1347-1352. |
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| Literally, "lightning war"; a strategy for the conduct of war (used by the Germans in World War II) in which motorized firepower quickly and overwhelmingly attacks the enemy, leaving it unable to resist psychologically or militarily. |
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| 1783-1830. The Venezuelan-born, European-educated aristocrat who became one of the leaders of the Latin American independence movement in the 1820s. Bolivia is named after him. |
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| 1808-1873. Nephew of Napoleon I; he was elected president of France in 1848, declared himself Emperor Napoleon III in 1852, and ruled until 1870. |
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| The French general who became First Consul in 1799 and emperor (Napoleon I) in 1804; after losing the battle of Waterloo in 1815, he was exiled to the island of St. Helena. |
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| Pirates of the Caribbean who governed themselves and preyed on international shipping. |
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| A network of state officials carrying out orders according to a regular and routine line of authority. |
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| French-born Christian humanist (1509-1564) and founder of Calvanism, one of the major branches of the Protestant Reformation; he led the reform movement in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1541 to 1564. |
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| capital-intensive industry |
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| A mid- to late-nineteenth-century development in industry that required great investments of money for machinery and infrastructure to make a profit. |
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| Italian-born mother of French king Charles IX (r. 1560-1574); she served as regent and tried but failed to prevent religious warfare between Calvinists and Catholics. |
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| Prime minister (1852-1861) of the kingdom of Piedmond-Sardinia and architect of a united Italy. |
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| 1899-1977. Major entertainment leader, whose sympathetic portrayals of the common man and satires of Hitler helped preserve democratic values in the 1930s and 1940s. |
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| Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1519-1556) and the most powerful ruler in the sixteenth-century Europe; he reigned over the Low Countries, Spain, Spain's Italian and New World dominions, and the Austrian Habsburg lands. |
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| The British movement of supporters of the People's Charter (1838), which demanded universal manhood suffrage, vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and other reforms. |
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| Powerful center to center-right political parties that evolved in the late 1940s from former Catholic parties of the pre-World War II period. |
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| A general intellectual trend in the sixteenth century that coupled love of classical learning, as in renaissance humanism, with an emphasis on Christian piety. |
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| The French legal code formulated by Napoleon in 1804; it ensured equal treatment under the law to all men and guaranteed religious liberty, but it curtailed many rights of women. |
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| The act of deliberately but peacefully breaking the law, a tactic used by Mohandas Gandhi in India and earlier by British suffragists to protest oppression and obtain political change. |
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| A seventeenth-centurey style of painting and architecture that reflected the ideals of the art of antiquity; in classicism, geometric shapes, order, and harmony of lines took precedence over the sensuous, exuberant, and emotional forms of the baroque. |
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| The rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1989 that led to massive growth in nuclear weapons on both sides. |
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| An Italian sailor (1451-1506) who opened up the New World by sailing west across the Atlantic in search of a route to Asia. |
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| THose socialists who after 1840 (when the word was first used) advocated the abolition of private property in favor of communal, collective ownership. |
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| Face-to-face negotiations (1814-1815) between great powers to settle the boundaries of European states and determine who would rule each nation after the defeat of Napoleon. |
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| A political doctrine that emerged after 1789 and took hold after 1815; it rejected much of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, preferring monarchies over republics, tradition over revolution, and established religion over Enlightenment skepticism. |
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| A system of government in which rulers share power with parliaments made up of elected representatives. |
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| The rapid increase in consumption of new staples produced in the Atlantic system as well as of other inters of daily life that were previously unavailable or beyond the reach of ordinary people. |
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| The boycott of British goods in France and its satellites ordered by Napoleon in 1806; it had success but was later undermined by smuggling. |
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| Tariffs on grain in Great Britain that benefited landowners by preventing the import of cheap foreign grain; they were repealed by the British government in 1846. |
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| The Spanish explorer (1485-1547) who captured the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlán (present-day Mexico City), in 1519. |
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| A general council of the Catholic church that met at Trent between 1545 and 1563 to set Catholic doctrine, reform church practices, and defend the church against the Protestant challenge. |
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| The confrontation in 1962 between the United States and the USSR over Soviet installation of missile sites off the U.S. coast in Cuba. |
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| A military strategy of constantly attacking the enemy that was believed to be the key of winning World War I but that brought great loss of life while failing to bring decisive victory. |
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| The English naturalist (1809-1882) who popularized the theory of evolution by means of natural selection and thereby challenged the biblical story of creation. |
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| During the French Revolution, the campaign of extremist republicans against organized churches and in favor of a belief system based on reason. |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen |
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| The preamble to the French constitution drafted in August 1789; it established the sovereignty of the nation and equal rights for citizens. |
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| The process - whether violent or peaceful - by which colonies gained their independence from the imperial powers after World War II. |
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| Those who believe in God but give him no active role in human affairs. Deists of the Enlightenment believed that God had designed the universe and set it in motion but no longer intervened in its functioning. |
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| The genetic material that forms the basis of each cell; the discovery of its structure in 1952 revolutionized genetics, molecular biology, and other scientific and medical fields. |
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| An ideology prevailing in the nineteenth century that women should devote themselves to their families and the home. |
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| A defensive alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary created in 1879 as a part of Bismarck's system of alliances to prevent or limit war. It was joined by Italy in 1882 as a third partner and then called the Triple Alliance. |
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| The shared power arrangement between the Habsburg Empire and Hungary after the Prussian defeat of the Austrian Empire in 1866-1867. |
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| The Russian parliament set up in the aftermath of the outbreak of the Revolution of 1905. |
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| The decree issued by French king Henry IV in 1598 there granted the Huguenots a large measure of religious toleration. |
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| Scientist whose theory of relativity (1905) revolutionized modern physics and other fields of thought. |
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| The pen name of English novelist Mary Ann Evans (1819-1880), who described the harsh reality of many ordinary people's lives in her works. |
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| English queen (r, 1558-1603) who oversaw the return of the Protestant Church of England and, in 1588, the successful defense of the realm against the Spanish Armada. |
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| The legislation passed in 1933 suspending constitutional government for four hearts in order to meet the crisis in the German economy. |
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| Rulers - such as Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia, and Joseph II of Austria - who tried to promote Enlightenment reforms without giving up their own supreme political power; also called enlightened absolutists. |
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| The eighteenth-century intellectual movement whose proponents believed that human beings could apply a critical, reasoning spirit to every problem. |
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| An alliance between Britain and France that began with an agreement in 1904 to honor colonial holdings. |
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