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| Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at its center |
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| Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at its center |
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| Galileo Galilei, often known mononymously as Galileo, was an Italian physicist, mathematician, engineer, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution during the Renaissance. |
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| Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP was an English physicist and mathematician who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. |
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| Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St. Alban, QC, was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, essayist, and author. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. |
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| René Descartes was a French philosopher, mathematician and writer who spent most of his life in the Dutch Republic. |
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| Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, in some older texts Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury, was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy. |
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| John Locke FRS, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism". |
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| Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Christian philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen |
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| Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and scientist born in Stagira of Chalkidiki, next to the Macedon kingdom in the north part of the Greek world, at 384 BCE. |
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| Claudius Ptolemy was a Greco-Egyptian writer of Alexandria, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. |
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| Tycho Brahe, born Tyge Ottesen Brahe, was a Danish nobleman known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations. He was born in Scania, then part of Denmark, now part of modern-day Sweden |
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| Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne was an English aristocrat, a prolific writer, and a scientist. Born Margaret Lucas, she was the youngest sister of prominent royalists Sir John Lucas and Sir Charles Lucas. |
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| Saint Robert Bellarmine, S.J. was an Italian Jesuit and a Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was one of the most important figures in the Counter-Reformation. He was canonized in 1930 and named a Doctor of the Church |
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The clock, in
particular, provided a metaphorical model or framework for
understanding the workings of nature. According to Shapin
the clock was applicable for several reasons, one being
that though inanimate in itself, a clock could imitate “the
complexity and purposiveness of intelligent agents.” (p.34)
It was man-made yet designed to fulfill a purpose.
Likewise, nature, though very much alive and apparently
well organized, could also have “the appearance of complex
design and purpose…without attributing design…to material
nature.” Additionally, clocks were characterized by
uniformity and regularity. Shapin asserts that the
patterns in nature were just as regular as clockwork, even
taking into to account the occasional irregularities that
come with any “machine.” |
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| The view that experience, especially of the senses, is the only source of knowledge. |
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| About 1600 A.D., it became apparent to several people - Galileo Galilei in Italy, Francis Bacon in England, Tycho Brahe in Denmark, and others - that there were no subtle logical errors in Aristotle's use of the deductive method. The problem was that the deductive method, while wildly successful in mathematics, did not fit well with scientific investigations of nature. |
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| a logical process in which a conclusion drawn from a set ofpremises contains no more information than the premises takencollectively. |
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| a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. |
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| Leviathan or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil—commonly referred to as Leviathan—is a book written by Thomas Hobbes and published in 1651. Its name derives from the biblical Leviathan. |
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| a concept in moral and political philosophy used in religion, social contract theories and international law to denote the hypothetical conditions of what the lives of people might have been like before societies came into existence. |
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| life, liberty and property |
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| A number of times throughout history, tyranny has stimulated breakthrough thinking about liberty. This was certainly the case in England with the mid-seventeenth-century era of repression, rebellion, and civil war. There was a tremendous outpouring of political pamphlets and tracts. By far the most influential writings emerged from the pen of scholar John Locke. |
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| "I think, therefore I am", or better "I am thinking, therefore I exist") is a philosophical proposition by René Descartes. |
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| the philosophical study of nature and the physical universe that was dominant before the development of modern science. It is considered to be the precursor of natural sciences such as physics. |
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| the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around a relatively stationarySun at the center of the Solar System. The word comes from the Greek (ἥλιος helios "sun" and κέντρον kentron "center"). Historically, heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. |
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| Ptolemaic system, is a theory that was developed by philosophers in Ancient Greece and was named after the philosopher Claudius Ptolemy who lived circa 90 to 168 A.D. It was developed to explain how the planets, the Sun, and even the stars orbit around the Earth. |
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| mathematical model of the universe formulated by the Alexandrian astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy about ad 150 and recorded by him in his Almagest and Planetary Hypotheses. |
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| the position that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical, or that the mind and body are not identical. |
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| a theory or model, originating during the Age of Enlightenment, that typically addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual. |
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| refers to the epistemological idea that individuals are born without built-in mental content and that therefore all knowledge comes from experience or perception. |
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| The Royal Society of London |
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| The origins of the Royal Society lie in an 'invisible college' of natural philosophers who began meeting in the mid-1640s to discuss the new philosophy of promoting knowledge of the natural world through observation and experiment, which we now call science. |
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| It posits that humans all bet with their lives either that God exists or not. |
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| Despite the advances in science and the efforts of the scientists of the sixteenth and seventeenth century to demonstrate that the world and universe, were governed by discernable laws, the Scientific Revolution had little impact on the everyday lives and thoughts of the mass of European citizens. |
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| In addition to providing care to women during pregnancy and birth, some midwives may also provide primary care to women, well-woman care related to reproductive health, annual gynecological exams, family planning, and menopausal care. |
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| was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. |
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| Mechanistic view of the universe |
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| the belief that natural wholes (principally living things) are like complicated machines or artifacts, composed of parts lacking any intrinsic relationship to each other. Thus, the source of an apparent thing's activities is not the whole itself, but its parts or an external influence on the parts. |
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| Hobbes argument for absolute government |
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| Hobbes social contract is not about democracy. On the contrary, his contract defines, that citizens should band together and jointly submit to the rule of a strong and autocratic king. Such an unlimited power is namely the only measure, that can check the greed and selfishness of man, and ensure law and order. |
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| Locke's justifacation for limited government |
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| Locke’s fame rests on his Two Treatises of Government. Thanks to Peter Laslett’s introduction (1960), we know Locke wrote his First Treatise answering Sir Robert Filmer’s Patriarcha (1680) at a time when his Second Treatise was well underway. The Second Treatise defended (prospectively) the conservative revolution of 1688. Its argument owed much to a Calvinist political tradition in which certain political authorities oppose other authorities that are breaking the social compact. Seeking to justify government by consent regardless of historical specifics, Locke deployed a version of natural law. |
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| The various ways of dealing with faith and reason |
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| Some Christians have the idea that faith and reason are in conflict, divided by some unbridgeable chasm. They think that one takes over where the other leaves off. In reality, faith and reason work together seamlessly to help us know and love our Maker. |
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| Emergence of the modern western mindset |
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| The first and original manifestation of what we now call "The Church" was also an expression of the Hebrew mind. At some point in ecclesiastical history, someone snatched away the inceptive Hebraic blueprint by which Jesus’ movement was being constructed and replaced it with a non-Hebraic one. As a result, what has been built since is at best a caricature of what was intended. In many respects, it is downright contrary and antagonistic to the spirit of the original believing community. |
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