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| Intellectual movement in Northern Europe in the late 15th century that combined the classics of the Italian Renaissance to early Christianity including the New Testament and the writings of the church fathers. |
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| Desiderius Erasmus's The Praise of Folly |
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| famous piece of literature where he belittles the monks. |
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| In 1516, an account of the idealistic life and institutions of the comunity of Utopia; an imaginary island in the area of the recently discovered New World. In Utopia, cooperation and reason replaced power and fame. |
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| Pluralism and Absenteeism |
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| Pluralism- the practice of holding several church offices simultaneously, a problem of the late medeival church. Absenteeism- church officers ignored their duties and hired underlings who lacked the proper qualifications. |
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| Thomas Kempis' Imitation of Christ |
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| He wrote that the salvation is based upon what we have done and how religiously we have lived, not read |
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| Organized in Italy in 1497, this was not a religious order but an informal group of clergy and laymen who worked to foster reform by emphasizing personal spiritual development and outward acts of charity. |
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| a Catholic's main way of recieving God's grace. This was done through confession |
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| Born in Germany, he focused on church reform and the assurance of salvation. |
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| Became the primary doctorine of the Protestant Reformation. To Luther, humans are saved not through their good works but through faith and the promises of God that was made possible by Jesus' death on the cross. |
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| Priesthood of all Believers |
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| All people who followed the word of Gtod and were basically their own priest, therefore, the hierarchical priesthood was not neccessary. |
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| Johaan Tetzel and indulgences |
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| People could get out of all or part of purgatory based on charitable contributions. |
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| Martin Luther wrote this statement (in Latin) regarding the abuses of selling indulgenses |
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| This made Martin Luther an outlaw. They set his works to be burned and said he was to be captured and delivered to the emperor. |
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| Mid 1520s, this religious revolt took place as peasants looked to Luther thinking he would help them when they had no economic improvement. He reacted quickly and against the peasants. |
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| Catholic doctrine which taught that the substance of the bread and wine taken in the right miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus. Martin Luther denied. |
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| the protestant minister and family |
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| Martin Luther married a former nun and this union provided a new model of family life for the new protestant minister. |
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| Sought to maintain religious unity throughout his empire by keeping all his subjects within the bounds of the Catholic church. |
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| He joined the side of Francis I and the second Hapsburg Velois. fearful of Charles 1 power in Italy.
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| New leader of the Ottoman Empire. |
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| In 1555, this recognized the equality of Catholism and Lutheranism and let each German prince choose his realm's religion. |
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| Became the king of an independent Sweden and took the lead in starting a Lutheran reformation in his country |
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| Began the reformation in Switzerland. His theology was accepted in Zurig and was soon spread to other Swiss cities. |
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| Debate between Luther and Zwinglli over the sacrament of the Lord's Supper at Marburg in 1529. The two failed to reach an agreement. |
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| Radicals who were members of a large variety of groups who shared common characteristics. Mostly peasants, weavers and miners. They beleived in spiritual rebirth and adult babtism rather than infant babtism. Monster was a city in germany near the dutch border that expierienced a mass religious histeria and soon became a haven for the anabaptists in 1532. |
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| They believed the end of the world was at hand and they would usher in the new Kingdom of God with Munster as the new Jerusalem. |
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| Man who rejuvenated Dutch Annabaptism. who stressed separation from the world to truly emulate the life of Jesus. |
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| At least 6 wives, 2 beheaded. always looking for the perfect wife |
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| 1534 break of the church of England with Rome meant the king now controlled all matters of the church in regards to doctorine. |
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| New revised liturgy and prayer book moving England more towards Protestantism. |
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| Edward VI and Bloody Mary |
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| Edward 6- Physically week. King at age 9. Moved the throne towards protostantism. but, then Mary was next on the throne. She was catholic. She tried to restore catholisism. Met with hostility. |
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| 2nd generation of protestant reformers influenced by the writings of Luther. Ministry in Geneva. Major success. His church doctorine was known as The Ecclesiastical Ordinances. |
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| The idea that God has predestined some people to be saved. |
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| Calvin stayed there his whole life, big success. City became kown as a vibrant center of Protestantism. Had Courts to govern moral behavior and missionaries trained here went all over Europe. |
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| Protestant schools and universities were aimed at a much wider audience and they introduce secondary schools and the liberal arts. |
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| English protestants inspired by Calvin theology wished to remove all traces of catholisism from the church of England. |
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| It re afirmed traditional catholic teachings while rejecting those of the protestant reformers. Old religious orders were renewed and reformed and new religious orders formed. |
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| A nun who expierienced a variety of mystical visions. she started a new order of nuns and worked to foster there mystical experiences. |
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| Henry the 4 and the Edcists of Nates |
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| The edict acknowledged catholosism as the official religion of France. |
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| was the greatest advocate of militant catholisism in the 2nd half of the 16 century. |
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| Muslim attack on the island of cypress that resulting in a stunning victory over the Turckish fleet. |
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| Consisted of 17 providences. |
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| William of Orange organized the 7 northern dutch speaking states into a proteestant union known as the union of Utrecht. |
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| She ascended the throne of England after the death of Queen Marry here half sister. She layed the foundations for a world empire and experienced a cultural rennaissance. |
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| spanish noble men whose military career was cut short due to injuries. He became a soldier for God. He started a group called the society of Jesus. |
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| garunteed the England would rmain a protestant country because they were battered and beaten. Sychological blow to spaniards. |
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| Wwre the most important new religious order of the catholic reformation, had the structure of a military command, vowed obedience to the pope. They suceeded in restoring catholism to parts of Germany and Eastern Europe. |
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| Original member of society of Jesus. Carried the catholic message to the east. He converted tens of thousands in India. He did all that in India before reaching Japa. Thousands in Japan becmoe Christiona. Left for China, died of a fever before he gotr there. |
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| was a turning point in the return of the papacy. He percieved the need for change and appointed a reform commision to study the condition of the church. . |
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| 1542 he called on this council to resolve the3 religious differences created by the protestant revolt. 3 yeqrs llater they me in thee city of trent on the border between Germany and Italy. The final decrees of the council reaffirmed catholic teachinga as apposed to protestant teachiongs. |
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| Hugginots and St. Bartholomew |
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| Hugginots were french calvinists. They came from all levels of society. St Batholoomews Day- Massacre. =3000 hugginots were murdered in France. |
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