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| Garibaldi and the Red Shirts |
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| In 1860, Garibaldi's thousand "red shirts" took Sicily in the name of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. Thousands of volunteers then rushed to join Garibaldi's army. |
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| Italian unification (Italian: Il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence") was the political and social movement that collected different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century. |
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Cavour: Unified Italy.
Piedmont: With the use of commercial treaties, Piedmont began to play an increasing role in commerce in the region as it started to win trade away from Austria. |
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| the merging of the states in the North German Confederation and other German states to form the German Empire. The North German Confederation was formed in 1867 under the leadership of Prussia, and the initiative of Otto von Bismarck whom was appointed by William I, King of Prussia. |
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| was a German-Prussian statesman of the late 19th century, and a dominant figure in world affairs. As Ministerpräsident, or Prime Minister, of Prussia from 1862–1890, he oversaw the unification of Germany. |
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| The constitutional struggle in Prussia |
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| The first half of the 19th century saw a prolonged struggle in Germany between liberals, who wanted a united, federal Germany under a democratic constitution, and conservatives, who wanted to maintain Germany as a patchwork of independent, monarchical states, with Prussia and Austria competing for influence. |
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| Bismarck's Wars (Danish War, Austro-Prussian War, & Franco-Prusian War) |
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| They were fought to Unify Germany |
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| Fought during Franco-Prussian War on Sept. 1, 1870. French Army of Chlons tried to relieve Siege of Metz. Resulted in the decisive defeat of the French. |
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| The German Empire and Kaiser William I (Versailles 1871) |
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| On January 18, 1871, in Versailles, the king proclaimed the German Empire. William I became Kaiser. |
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| The "compromise" or composition of February 1867 that established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. |
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| Reforms of Tsar Alexander II (Emancipation of the Serfs) |
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| The first and most important of liberal reforms effected during the reign of Alexander II of Russia. The reform, together with a related reform in 1861, amounted to the liquidation of serf dependence previously suffered by Russian peasants. |
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| The People's Will (Terrorist group/assassinate the Tsar) |
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| Contacted the Russian government and claimed they would call off the terror campaign if the Russian people were granted a constitution that provided free elections and an end to censorship. |
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