Term
| What is meant by the dual revolution? |
|
Definition
| Economic and political changes tended to fuse |
|
|
Term
| Who was Robert Castlereagh? |
|
Definition
| British foreign minister at Congress of Vienna |
|
|
Term
| Who was Charles Talleyrand? |
|
Definition
| French foreign minister after Napoleon |
|
|
Term
| How did the Congress of Vienna treat France? (4) Why? |
|
Definition
Leniency: 1) 1792 boundaries, 2) No war reparations
Barriers: 3) Unification of Belgium and Holland, 4) Prussia gets more land near France's eastern border
Balance of power |
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Term
| How did Alexander I's desire to take Poland in 1815 create controversy? How was this resolved? |
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Definition
Prussia agrees as long as they can take Saxony, Castlereagh and Metternich fear disruption of balance of power and sign alliance with France
Russia only takes a small part of Poland and Prussia only part of Saxony (to keep balance of power) |
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|
Term
| How did the Congress of Vienna start the European Congress system? |
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Definition
| Members of Quadruple Alliance agree to meet periodically to discuss interests and maintain peace in Europe |
|
|
Term
| What was the Holy Alliance and what was its goal? |
|
Definition
Austria, Prussia, Russia
Put down liberal and revolutionary movements with active intervention |
|
|
Term
| In 1820, the Holy Alliance restored conservative monarchs to the throne after liberal uprisings in _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
Spain
Kingdom of Two Sicilies |
|
|
Term
| What were the Carlsbad Decrees (1819)? (2) |
|
Definition
1) 38 German states have to censor liberal ideas in universities, newspapers
2) Spy system established |
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|
Term
| How did Klemens von Metternich's personal background affect his policies? |
|
Definition
| He was born a German aristocrat and defended the privileges his class held |
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Term
| Why did Metternich hate liberalism? (3) |
|
Definition
1) Responsible for a generation of war
2) Stirred up lower classes
3) Linked to nationalism --> political revolutions (Austrian Empire cannot support b/c of ethnic divisions) |
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|
Term
| What ethnic groups comprised the population of Austria during Metternich's time? |
|
Definition
| Germans (25%), Magyars, Czechs, Slavs |
|
|
Term
| Why did Metternich fear Austria's diverse ethnicities? |
|
Definition
| Liberal and nationalist movements could not be supported |
|
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Term
| How were the Austrian, Russian, and Ottoman Empires similar? (4) |
|
Definition
1) Absolutist monarchies
2) Powerful armies and military tradition
3) Multicultural, multiethnic
4) Dominant ethnic group in each |
|
|
Term
| What were the principal ideas of classical liberalism? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What were political goals associated with classical liberalism? (3) |
|
Definition
1) Representative government with propertied suffrage
2) Equality before the law
3) Specific individual freedoms |
|
|
Term
| What are economic ideas associated with classical liberalism? |
|
Definition
| Laissez-faire: free enterprise |
|
|
Term
| Which class was associated with classical liberalism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the early 19th c. movements against conservatism, liberalism was the least _____. |
|
Definition
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Term
| Nationalism had its immediate origins in the _____. |
|
Definition
| French Rev. and Napoleonic Wars |
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Term
| What was the basic argument of nationalism? |
|
Definition
| Self-evident cultural unity --> political unity |
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|
Term
| The idea of nationalism threatened which states? Gave hope to which states? |
|
Definition
Large states- Austria, Russia, Ottomans
Small states- Germans and Italians |
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|
Term
| Between 1815 and 1850, nationalism was linked to which political ideas? |
|
Definition
liberalism
radical democratic republicanism |
|
|
Term
| Why was nationalism so appealing in the 19th c.? (4) |
|
Definition
1) Industrialization brings people together
2) Common languages
3) "imagined communities", symbols and ceremonies
4) Dynamic nature: fresh, idealistic, and progressive |
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Term
| Which nationalist argued that a "symphony of nations" would promote world harmony? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the core beliefs of French Utopian socialists? (3) |
|
Definition
1) Economic planning
2) Moral commitment to poor
3) Community ownership of property |
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Term
| What were the beliefs of Count Henri de Saint Simon? (3) |
|
Definition
1) Proper social organization: doers > parasites
2) Public works, investment banks
3) Moral commitment to poor |
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Term
| What were the ideas of Charles Fourier? (2) |
|
Definition
1) Self-sufficient communities
2) Total emancipation of women, no marriage |
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Term
| What were the ideas of Louis Blanc? (2) What did he write to support them in 1839? |
|
Definition
1) Universal male suffrage
2) Right to work- government workshops
Organization of Work |
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|
Term
| What were the ideas of Pierre Joseph Proudon? (2) |
|
Definition
1) What is property? Theft.
2) Anarchism |
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|
Term
| Socialism is associated with which class? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From what intellectual movements did Marx compile his own communist ideas? (3) |
|
Definition
1) French Utopianism
2) Classical Economics
3) German Philosophy |
|
|
Term
| What is dialectic materialism and who came up with it? How did Marx apply it to his ideas? |
|
Definition
Thesis, antithesis --> synthesis (philosophy)
Historical Evolution of ideas
Georg Hegel
Applied to history- class struggle leads to revolution. Proletariat next to triumph over bourgeoisie, who triumphed in French Revolution |
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Term
| The romantic movement was a revolt against _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
Classicism
the Enlightenment |
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|
Term
| In which countries was Romanticism the strongest? (2) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| German romantics called themselves Sturm and Drang. What does this mean and why did they call themselves this? |
|
Definition
| Storm and Stress- they lived lives of tremendous emotional intensity |
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Term
| Romantics loved nature, and thus they hated the _____ in their time. |
|
Definition
| growth of modern industry |
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|
Term
| Did romantics approach history similarly to Enlightenment thinkers? How was their approach similar or different? |
|
Definition
| No, they loved history but believed it was "organic and dynamic," not mechanical and static |
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Term
| What are common themes in the works of William Wordsworth? (2) |
|
Definition
1) ordinary speech
2) Love of nature |
|
|
Term
| Who wrote Lyrical Ballads (1798)? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What types of works did Walter Scott write? What/Who were his influences? |
|
Definition
Long narrative poems, historical novels
Goethe's 16th c. knight (drama)
History of Scotland |
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|
Term
| Who wrote On Germany (1810)? What was it about and what was its influence? |
|
Definition
Germaine de Stael
about Romanticism in Germany
Inspired Romanticism in France |
|
|
Term
| Who wrote The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831) and Les Miserables (1862)? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Who wrote Lelia? What was it about? |
|
Definition
George Sand
Semi-autobiographical novel about her quest for individualism and freedom in her personal life |
|
|
Term
| What are the Brothers Grimm best known for? What political movement are their works tied to? |
|
Definition
German fairy tales
Nationalism |
|
|
Term
| Who was the greatest Russian romantic poet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mary Shelley is the daughter of _____. Her most famous work is _____. |
|
Definition
Mary Wollstonecraft
Frankenstein |
|
|
Term
| In the romantic musical movement, the size of ______ increased. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How did general attitudes towards music change during the romantic period? |
|
Definition
| Musicians' prestige rises, sit-down performance concerts were much more popular (compare reaction to modern rock concerts) |
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|
Term
| Who led the Greek Nationalist revolt in 1821? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After 1821, how did Europeans respond to the Greek nationalist movement? |
|
Definition
| Conservatives (incl. Metternich) oppose revolution, but Greeks have popular support for a "holy cause" |
|
|
Term
| Who allied with Greece in 1827 against the Turks? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Greece was declared an independent state in [year]. A ______ prince was installed as king in [year]. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the Corn Laws and why did the Tory Party implement them in 1815? |
|
Definition
Rose price of wheat and grain- hurt everyone but aristocracy
Ultra-conservatism created by French Revolution scared aristocrats, they selfishly needed to keep other classes in check |
|
|
Term
| How did the British government initially respond to liberal demands for the repeal of the Corn Laws? |
|
Definition
1817- British government suspends peaceable assembly and habeas corpus
1819- Six Acts- put restrictions on press, outlawed mass meetings |
|
|
Term
| What was the Battle of Peterloo? |
|
Definition
| Enormous and orderly liberal protest at St. Peter's fields in Manchester, broken up by the armed cavalry |
|
|
Term
| What were liberal political demands in Britain in the 1820s? (5) |
|
Definition
1) Reform of town government
2) New police force (Bobbies)
3) Reform of Poor Laws
4) Rights to religious minorities
5) New voting districts based on population (would give central/northern England more voting power) and vote to middle class |
|
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Term
| What makes the House of Lords finally give in to liberal demands in 1832? What reforms are passed? (3) |
|
Definition
Whig Party and King: propose liberal reform bills in the interest of the new wealthy m.c., House of Lords and Tories give in
1) House of Commons' power rises
2) New representation in Commons for industrial areas
3) % of adult males voting: 8% to 12% |
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Term
| What do the Chartists demand in Britain in 1838? Do their demands lead to reform? |
|
Definition
Universal male suffrage (democracy)
No, they are rejected thrice by Parliament |
|
|
Term
| What convinces Parliament to repeal the Corn Laws in 1846? What reform is passed? |
|
Definition
Tory Robert Peel, Tory minority, and Whigs respond to mass popular revolts and threat of famine (Ireland 1845) and repeat the Corn Laws
Free trade- no tariffs in Britain |
|
|
Term
| What is the Ten Hours Act of 1847 and why do the Tories implement it? |
|
Definition
Limit workday in factories to 10 hrs.
Aristocrats' support of w.c.: competition for support of w.c. with middle class |
|
|
Term
| Who controlled the land in Ireland in the 18th and 19th c. and who worked it? |
|
Definition
| Anglican landlords- worked by Irish Catholic peasants |
|
|
Term
| Why did the population grow so quickly in the 18th and early 19th c. in Ireland? (3) |
|
Definition
1) Extensive cultivation of potato
2) Early marriage
3) Landlord exploitation of peasants |
|
|
Term
| Why did British relief efforts in Ireland after the Great Famine fail? (2) |
|
Definition
1) Slow to act, laissez-faire ideology
2) Landlords demanded taxes and quickly evicted those who could not pay |
|
|
Term
| What were the results of the Great Famine in Ireland? (3) |
|
Definition
1) 1.5 million dead, 1 million migrate
2) Only country w/ 19th c. decline in population: late marriage, migration, celibacy
3) Irish nationalism, anti-British feeling |
|
|
Term
| What are the conditions of Louis XVIII's (r. 1815-1824) Constitutional Charter of 1814? (4) |
|
Definition
Liberal conditions
1) Economic and social rights --> m.c. and peasantry
2) Intellectual and artistic freedoms
3) Parliament created
4) Suffrage to 100,000 "notable people" |
|
|
Term
| In 1830, the French conquer _____. Why? |
|
Definition
Algeria
rally French nationalism, gain popular support |
|
|
Term
| What is the immediate cause of the Revolution of 1830 in France? How long does it last and who is involved in the revolt? |
|
Definition
Repudiation of the Constitutional Charter
"Three Glorious Days"
Middle-class and working-class take down government, Charles X flees |
|
|
Term
| What was Charles X's (r. 1824-1830) main political goal? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the results of the Revolution of 1830 in France? (5) |
|
Definition
1) Louis Philippe (Orleans) to throne
2) Constitutional Charter restored
3) Slight but insignificant extension of suffrage
4) Wealthy elite tighten control: bourgeoisie monarchy
5) Disappoints reformers: republicans, democrats, socialists, and also disappoints the poor |
|
|
Term
| What were three common causes for the Revolutions of 1848? |
|
Definition
1) Economic hardship
2) Ideologies of change
3) Romantic impulse |
|
|
Term
| Describe the general progression of the Revolutions of 1848. |
|
Definition
| Overthrow of old order, initial agreement undermined, resurgence of old order |
|
|
Term
| Why did the Revolutions of 1848 fail, in general? (2) |
|
Definition
1) Ideological divisions among Revolutionaries
2) Powerful armies of old order |
|
|
Term
| Why were people unhappy with Louis Philippe's monarchy? (3) |
|
Definition
1) Political stubbornness and inaction
2) Political corruption
3) Economic hardship |
|
|
Term
| In [mo., yr.], barricades went up in Paris and Louis Philippe abdicated. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After Louis Philippe abdicates, the common people proclaim a ______, led by ______. |
|
Definition
Provisional republic
10 man executive |
|
|
Term
| What are the initial decisions made by the First French Republic? (4) |
|
Definition
1) Universal male suffrage
2) All slaves freed
3) Death penalty abolished
4) 10 hour workday in Paris |
|
|
Term
| What divisions emerged in France's 1848 revolutionary government? What issues divided them? |
|
Definition
MODERATE LIBERAL REPUBLICANS
Temp. relief workshops
Economic liberalism
RADICAL SOCIALIST REPUBLICANS
Right to work (bad compromise: ntl workshops)
Unions |
|
|
Term
| Who do the French people elect to the Constituent Assembly in April 1848? |
|
Definition
| mix of politicians with different ideologies, but most are moderates |
|
|
Term
| Who was a moderate republican who predicted the overthrow of Louis Philippe and stated the significance of the socialists in the Revolutions of 1848? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What events lead to the violence of the "June Days" and the end of the revolution? |
|
Definition
May: W.C. tries to stage a coup and fails, put down by National Guard (made up of peasants)
June: National workshops closed |
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|
Term
| Who was elected by the Constituent Assembly after the republican government defeated the working class June 1848 revolts? |
|
Definition
| Louis Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon I) |
|
|
Term
| What were initial demands of Hungarian nationalists in 1848? (3) |
|
Definition
1) National autonomy
2) Full civil liberties
3) Universal suffrage |
|
|
Term
| Groups especially involved with revolts in Austria in early 1848 were _____ and _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result of initial protests in Austria in March 1848? |
|
Definition
| Ferdinand I capitulates and promises a liberal constitution, Metternich flees |
|
|
Term
| What divisions emerge in 1848 revolutionary Austria? |
|
Definition
Peasants- no more serfdom, they lose interest
MIDDLE CLASS vs. WORKING CLASS
econ. liberalism vs. socialism
propertied suffrage vs. universal suffrage
NATIONALISTS vs. MINORITY ETHNIC GROUPS
unification vs. cultural and political independence |
|
|
Term
| Who is responsible for the successful reactionary movement in June 1848 in Austria? |
|
Definition
| Archduchess Sophia, her son Francis Joseph to throne with support of aristocrats |
|
|
Term
| How do military forces crush revolutionary forces in 1848 in Prague, Vienna, and Hungary? |
|
Definition
Prague (Jun), Vienna (Oct): Austrian army successfully subdues and controls
Hungary: Russians under Nicholas I conquer and control (Jun 1849) |
|
|
Term
| What are the goals of liberals in 1848 Prussia? (2) |
|
Definition
1) liberal reforms
2) Unite German Confederation |
|
|
Term
| What did Frederick-William IV concede to Prussian liberals in March 1848? |
|
Definition
| Moderate constitutional liberalism and a promise to unite Germany |
|
|
Term
| What divisions emerge between revolutionaries in 1848 Prussia? |
|
Definition
MIDDLE CLASS vs. WORKING CLASS
moderate liberalism vs. democracy and socialism |
|
|
Term
| In May 1848, the Frankfurt National Assembly meets to _____. |
|
Definition
| draft a constitution for new German state |
|
|
Term
| Why did Frederick-William IV reject the constitution of the Frankfurt Assembly? Why did Germany fail to unite? |
|
Definition
Reaction triumphed everywhere, royal authority reasserted w. conservative constitution. refused "crown from gutter"
Revolutionaries too slow and unassertive, reaction too strong to unite Germany under Prussian absolutism because it would violate balance of power |
|
|
Term
| The Frankfurt Assembly in part failed because of preoccupation with a territorial issue in _____ that slowed their progress. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By [mo., yr.], the Frankfurt Assembly finished their constitution. |
|
Definition
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