Term
| Why did people marry at older ages in Europe? (2) |
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Definition
1) Need to be able to support themselves economically, i.e.- inherit land or start a business
2) Parental/community controls, permission of local lord/priest/aristocrat needed |
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Term
| What are the core aspects of Methodism? |
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Definition
Emotional, involved religion
Rejection of predestination |
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Term
| What conflicts did the Jesuits face in the 18th c.? |
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Definition
| Pressure from France and Spain to dissolve Jesuits because of their growing political influence |
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Term
| What was the German Protestant Revival also known as? What are its three key components? |
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Definition
German Pietism
1) Warm, emotional religion ("the heart must burn")
2) Emphasis on all classes ("priesthood of all believers")
3) Moral activism |
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Term
| What new commercial techniques led to the 18th c. consumer revolution? (3) |
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Definition
1) Increased marketing
2) Diversification
3) Increased turnover (i.e.- people buy things more often, based on the seasons, etc.) |
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Term
| Did elites share popular enthusiasm for communal 18th c. leisure activities? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| Only until the Enlightenment-- the Enlightenment's critical worldview challenges morals |
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Term
| What led to a greater variety in diet in the 18th c.? |
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Definition
| Agr. Rev. and market gardening, esp in Netherlands + England |
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Term
| What was the direct cause of the Protestant Revival? |
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Definition
| The unsatisfied needs of the people |
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Term
| What English historian suggested emotional prudence and called child death "unnatural but strictly probable?" |
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Definition
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Term
| What are biological benefits of breastfeeding? (2) |
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Definition
1) decreases likelihood of pregnancy
2) Immunity producing substances |
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Term
| In the 18th c., who was more successful in education, France or the Habsburgs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the English aristocrat who discovered Muslims in Western Asia practicing smallpox inoculation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered the cowpox vaccine for smallpox? |
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Definition
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Term
| Catholic zeal in the 2nd half of the 18th c. in France led to nobles' _____. |
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Definition
| opposition and austere criticism of the monarchy (possible cause of French Revolution) |
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Term
| What French essayist suggested emotional distance when raising children, especially infants? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which novelist said "spare the rod and spoil the child?" |
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Definition
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Term
| Who educated midwives throughout 18th c. France and was nicknamed "the Nation's midwife?" |
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Definition
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Term
| The most remarkable dietary change in the 18th c. was in the consumption of _____ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where was the wet nursing business especially common? |
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Definition
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Term
| Despite harsher laws, why did many women still turn to prostitution to make a living? |
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Definition
| shortage of job opportunities |
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Term
| Describe the diet of the urban poor. |
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Definition
| Lots of bread and veggies, esp. peas and beans |
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Term
| To 18th c. peasants, the dietary staple was _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which work argued for "natural laws" governing boys' and girls' educations? |
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Definition
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Term
| In towns, apprenticeship began around what age? What would apprenticeship hopefully lead to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Female world- assisted in childbirth and labor |
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Term
| Why did the rich and the poor in urban areas rely on wet-nursing? |
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Definition
Rich believed breastfeeding was "crude and undignified"
Poor moms had to work |
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Term
| What kinds of material did common people read in early modern Europe? |
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Definition
Religious- Bible and chapbooks
Entertainment
Practical- almanacs |
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Term
| Why did surgeons improve their techniques in the 18th c.? |
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Definition
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Term
| Even in the best foundling hospitals, at least __% of babies died within a year. |
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Definition
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Term
| The basic religious unit of 18th c. Europe was the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the diet of the middle-class townspeople and traders, ca. 1700. |
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Definition
Variety of meat, veggies and fruit due to market gardens
Still lots of bread and beans |
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Term
| What obstacles did 18th c. surgeons face? (2) |
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Definition
1) No anesthesia
2) unsanitary conditions and no knowledge of bacteriology |
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Term
| Why didn't the peasantry and urban poor eat a lot of meat, ca. 1700? |
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Definition
| Nobles and landowners imposed harsh game laws |
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Term
| How did peasants in Catholic countries in the late 18th c. worship? |
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Definition
"ecstatic worship"
Some obscure/pagan beliefs and time honored superstitions |
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Term
| Why was domestic service a difficult life for young girls? (3) |
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Definition
1) Little independence (wage directly to parents)
2) Physical working and exploitation
3) Sexual harassment --> pregnancy --> girl thrown out of household and has to turn to prostitution |
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Term
| Why were illegitimacy rates low in preindustrial Europe? |
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Definition
1) Premarital sex not taken lightly
-"pregnancy set the marriage date"
2) Strong community controls and pressure from parents, priests, landlords
3) community responses- no privacy, immorality given "loud and unfavorable publicity" |
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Term
| Why did Europeans have more children despite late marriage? |
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Definition
| High infant/child mortality rates |
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Term
| What did parish churches do? |
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Definition
1) Organized processions, pilgrimages
2) Provided a focal point of community life
3) Kept records and registers
4) Charity |
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Term
| What new ideas or techniques of child-rearing emerged after the Enlightenment? (3) |
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Definition
1) Greater tenderness
2) Maternal breastfeeding
3) Comfortable clothing |
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Term
| The main impact of the Protestant Reformation on local religious life was a shift to ______. |
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Definition
| State-controlled churches (bureaucratization), even in the Catholic church |
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Term
| What were the various groups considered "medical practitioners" in the 18th c.? (5) |
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Definition
1) Faith healers
2) Apothecaries
3) Physicians
4) Surgeons
5) Midwives |
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Term
| Apothecaries sold ______, _____, and _____. |
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Definition
| herbs, drugs, patent medicines |
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Term
| What changes to inner spaces occurred in the 18th c.? (2) |
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Definition
1) specific functions to rooms
2) comfort and convenience- individualization (own dishes) |
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Term
| By the end of the 18th c., foundling hospitals admitted ___#___ infants annually. |
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Definition
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Term
| How was Rousseau a hypocrite? |
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Definition
| Abandoned all 5 of his children to foundling hospitals |
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Term
| The urban Catholic revival in the 17th c. was called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What were major differences between Protestantism and Catholicism ca. 1700? |
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Definition
CATHOLICS
baroque art, communal religion: affected pop culture
PROTESTANTS
removed art from churches, individual religion |
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Term
| Until ____, late marriage did not lead to high illegitimacy rates. |
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Definition
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Term
| Before the 19th c., what was birth control like? |
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Definition
"not unknown, but primitive and quite undependable" and rare.
withdrawal method and primitive condoms |
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Term
| Faith healers were most prominent in _____ areas. |
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Definition
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Term
| What new patterns of marriage and sex emerged after/during the Industrious Revolution? (2) Why? |
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Definition
1) Earlier marriage
-shift from cottage industry = mobility
-no need to inherit land
-more extensive courtship/marrying for love
2) Illegitimacy explosion
-Mobility = weaker community controls
-Easier for men to break promises
-Insecure jobs (as opp. to inheritance0 |
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Term
| Did the consumer revolution have a greater impact on males or females? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the results of more education in early modern Europe? (2) |
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Definition
1) Literacy rates up
2) More books sold- more people reading |
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Term
| The festival involving excessive drinking, masquerades, and dancing, where the social order was turned upside down was known as _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Physicians placed great stress on which two medical treatments/techniques in the 18th c.? |
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Definition
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Term
| Apothecaries and especially physicians treated what kind of patients? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the most common job for adolescent girls? Why? |
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Definition
| Domestic service because of fewer apprenticeships |
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Term
| What new foods from the colonies were introduced in the 18th c.? (8) |
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Definition
| Corn, squash, tomatoes, potatoes, expensive fruits, coffee, tobacco, chocolate |
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Term
| What is the main reason for the 18th c. increase in schooling? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the new attitudes towards consuming practices in the 18th c.? |
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Definition
| Identity tied to purchasing goods |
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Term
| Young men whose families could not afford apprenticeship did which kinds of jobs? |
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Definition
| Hired hands, wage laborers |
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Term
| What were 18th c. group activities people did for fun? (4) |
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Definition
1) Fireplace talks
2) Hanging out at pubs and drinking
3) Urban fairs
4) Gambling and watching blood sports |
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Term
| Which country led the way in the development of universal education? Why? |
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Definition
| Prussia: Protestant church encouraged all to read the Bible |
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Term
| What group responded to the late 18th c. critical attack of wet-nursing? |
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Definition
| Upper-class women started breastfeeding their own babies |
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Term
| What two aspects of family life are considered distinctive features of Europe? |
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Definition
1) Nuclear family
2) Late Marriage (maturity) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prostitute protected by a wealthy master who lived a privileged life |
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Term
| Describe the diet of the upper-class ca. 1700. |
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Definition
| "rapacious carnivores" who ate little veggies and drank a lot of alcohol |
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Term
| How did Methodism spread? |
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Definition
| Wesley's preaching in open fields |
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Term
| Why did French women send their babies to wet-nurses? (3) |
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Definition
1) Cultural factors and tradition
2) Socioeconomic factors- industry
3) Biological factors- safest affordable alternative |
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Term
| In the 18th c., where was literacy often highest? Why? |
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Definition
| Border areas (religion): open to influence and competition from different churches |
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Term
| Parish priests and Catholic hierarchies attempted to _____ 18th c. popular religions practices. |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors contributed to the affordability of 18th c. clothing? (2) |
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Definition
1) More raw material from colonies
2) Increased female labor |
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Term
| Who founded Methodism in what country? |
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Definition
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Term
| ALL clerics were _____ in the complicated Christian institutional system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which part of Europe ate the best ca. 1700? |
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Definition
| Northwestern/Atlantic Europe |
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