Term
| How did the Industrious Revolution impact women in a new cash-based economy? |
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Definition
Mixed impact:
-allowed to work, but for very low wages
-greater role in household decision making
G |
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Term
| How did the War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713) and the following Peace of Utrecht impact the English and French colonial rivalry? |
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Definition
France has to cede Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Hudson Bay to England
Britain gets control of the asiento (slave trade) and gets one trade ship to Panama per year from Spain |
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Term
| How did the English attempt to throw off the Dutch stronghold on trade in the 17th c.? |
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Definition
Navigation Acts (1651)- weaken Dutch monopoly on shipping
Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652-1674)
-New Amsterdam becomes New York, 1664 |
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Term
| What was the resolution of the enclosure debate until the early 19th century? |
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Definition
| open and enclosed fields coexisting |
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Term
| What political changes in Spain led to colonial revival in the 18th c.? |
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Definition
| Philip V and ministers' reforms (new Bourbon dynasty) |
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Term
| What territories did Spain gain in 1763? |
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Definition
| Louisiana- extended influence all the way to California |
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Term
| What were direct effects of the technological changes of the Agricultural Revolution? (3) |
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Definition
1) More human food
2) More animal feed = more animals = better human diet
3) Enclosure- demands for change |
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Term
| Which countries were most influential in European expansion with respect to world trade? |
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Definition
| Netherlands, France, especially Great Britain |
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Term
| In the 16th century, the population _____. In the 17th century, the population ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the new social groups after the Spanish revival? |
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Definition
Creoles (20%)- landowning "nobility"
Mestizos (30%)- middle-class, looked to become Creoles
Indians
African Slaves |
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Term
| What three factors influenced Spanish economic revival? |
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Definition
1) Spanish silver mining
2) Growth of food production
3) Markets for Spanish goods |
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Term
| How did the War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) impact the English and French colonial rivalry? |
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Definition
| No change- set the stage for 7 years war |
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Term
| When was the high point of the urban guilds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What led to a 16th c. decline in living standards? (2) |
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Definition
1) Population outstrips food supply
2) Inflation- silver |
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Term
| Until 1700, the population of Europe followed a _____ pattern. |
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Definition
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Term
| Conditions were particularly hard for what group of textile workers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were reasons for the 18th c. decline in mortality? (5) |
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Definition
1) Plague disappears (1722, Marseilles)
2) Smallpox inoculation
3) Public health measures (water/sewer improvements, marsh drainage)
4) Transportation advances- less famine
5) New foods- the potato! |
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Term
| The expansion of the 18th c. paved the way for ______, one of the "most influential developments in history." |
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Definition
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Term
| 80% of people in Western Europe made their living by _____ in the late 17th c. |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the areas of conflict between textile workers and employers in the cottage industry? (3) |
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Definition
1) Pay
2) Hours
3) Remnants |
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Term
| What was the open-field system? |
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Definition
-land cut into long, narrow strips
-medieval roots- communal farming patterns and traditions |
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Term
| How successful in enforcing rigid barriers were guilds in France, England, and Germany? |
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Definition
France- moderately successful
England- unsuccessful
Germany- very successful |
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Term
| What were the results of the English Agricultural Revolution? (4) |
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Definition
1) More food
2) Land enclosures
3) Market-oriented Estate agriculture
4) Landless rural proletariat emerges- no more serfdom, instead landless rural wage earners |
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Term
| What were the competitive advantages of the putting-out system? |
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Definition
| -Cheap labor, little regulation, all sorts of goods |
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Term
| The largest employer of Europeans until the 19th century was the _____ industry. |
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Definition
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Term
| The putting-out system first impacted _____ (country), and next impacted _____ (country). |
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Definition
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Term
| Who were the participants in the putting-out system? What were their roles? |
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Definition
1) Merchant capitalist
-raw materials and markets
2) Rural worker
-skills |
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Term
| Compare old historians' views of 17th/18th c. guilds with newer historians'. |
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Definition
OLD VIEW
-outmodeled and exclusionary
NEW VIEW
-flexible (hiring of women for dressmaking and needleworking) |
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Term
| What were special types of privileges that guilds were given? (2) |
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Definition
1) Economic privileges (monopolies, inherited access)
2) Religious and social privileges |
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Term
| After the reconstruction of London, the _____ became the most well-to-do part of London. |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the most famous Dutch engineer of the Agricultural Revolution who made improvements in draining, especially in England? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) impact the English and French colonial rivalry? |
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Definition
France loses all North American territories
-Louisiana to Spain
-Canada, American land east of Miss. to England |
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Term
| In 1619, the Dutch take control of which port? Why is this significant? |
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Definition
-Jakarta (renamed Batavia)
-Becomes center of Indian Ocean trade |
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Term
| Adam Smith's economic theory is known as _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Adam Smith think of workers? |
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Definition
| He applauded the rise in wages and argued for their rights |
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Term
| Adam Smith argued for three duties of government. What are they? |
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Definition
1) Defense
2) Civil Order
3) Public works that can't benefit investors |
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Term
| What work by Adam Smith criticized mercantilism and provided the basis for modern economics? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was a company agent who led the British forces and became the first governor of Bengal, India? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was London's "social season?" in the 18th century? |
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Definition
| Rich people came to the West End Oct.-May to play market for mortgages, marriages, and recreation. |
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Term
| Who dominated 16th c. Asian trade? |
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Definition
| Portuguese in combination with autonomous Asian merchants |
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Term
| Who dominated 17th c. Asian trade? |
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Definition
| Dutch- autonomous merchants became dependent merchants (spice traders) |
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Term
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Definition
| Spanish planter/rancher driven serfdom of American Indians |
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Term
| What were the three "grim reapers" of 17th c. demographic crisis? |
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Definition
1) famine
2) disease
3) war |
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Term
| What were various jobs associated with textile production and who did them? |
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Definition
Men operated the loom (weavers)
Women and children were spinners |
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Term
| In a rural textile-producing household, weaving was a _____ enterprise. |
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Definition
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Term
| What invention in the early 18th c. expedited weaving? |
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Definition
| John Kay's flying shuttle |
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Term
| What were consequences of the slave trade in Africa? (4) |
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Definition
1) Increased warfare
2) Disorder of states like Congo
3) Stagnating populations
4) A few states profit (like Dahomey) |
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Term
| French 18th c. profits from the colonies came from which 3 exports? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the main source of England's wealth in the 18th c.? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the "Industrious Revolution?" |
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Definition
Socioeconomic changes in late 17th to early 18th c.
Reduction of leisure time, faster pace of work
Shift from working for household consumption to wages |
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Term
| In the British colonies in the 18th c., slaves worked on _____ and _____ plantations. |
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Definition
Sugar (Caribbean)
Tobacco (American South) |
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Term
| Important nitrogen storing crops include... (6) |
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Definition
| Peas, beans, turnips, potatoes, clovers, grasses |
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Term
| In the 18th c., more sophisticated patterns of _____ were utilized to increase soil, thus food, output. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why was life so difficult for 17th c. peasants? (4) |
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Definition
1) Heavy taxes and high rents
2) Land was stingy (same output as ancient days)
3) Land was capricious (unpredictable. danger of famine)
4) Poor health |
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Term
| From a merchant capitalist's point of view, what were problems with the textile industry? (3) |
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Definition
1) Disputes over pay
2) poor organization and lack of control
3) work depends on agricultural calendar |
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Term
| Who was the English innovator who used empirical research to make breakthroughs in plowing, drilling, and livestock breeding? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the Agricultural Revolution innovator who made innovations in turnips, draining, and manuring? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The new methods of the agricultural revolution originated where? Why? (2) |
|
Definition
The Netherlands
1) Dense population creates demand
2) Urban growth = specialization (markets) |
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Term
| Why were American living standards in the late 18th c. so good? |
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Definition
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Term
| The main consequences of British economic expansion in the colonies were _____ and _____ growth. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is significant about the anti-slavery movement in Britain? (2) |
|
Definition
1) first peaceful mass political movement
2) crucial role of women |
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Term
| Traditional village rights of the commoners include... (2) |
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Definition
1) common land for animals
2) gleaning- right of poor to graze land for food after harvest |
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Term
| When was the British slave trade abolished? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What early struggles did the British face in controlling Indian trade? How were they resolved? |
|
Definition
1) Limited access and Mughals
-1716- concession of trade routes
-1764- defeat of Mughals
2) Disputes with local princes
-alliances or war
3) French Rivalry
-First Treaty of Paris- France has to concede India |
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Term
| Why do the Dutch lose their hold on the Asian trade market? |
|
Definition
| failure to diversify beyond spices |
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|
Term
| Which general primarily led English forces to victory in the Seven Years' War? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How did the Industrious Revolution pave the way for the Industrial Revolution? |
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Definition
| Shift from family business to wage work |
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