Term
| What were the social reasons for the 17th c. Spanish decline? (4) |
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Definition
1) Weak middle class
2) Dominance of religion and aristocracy
3) Overly taxed peasants
4) Collapse of business and unproductive professions |
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Term
| What were Charles II's religious policies? (2) |
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Definition
1) Enforced Anglican uniformity
2) Test Act (1673)- Refusal to receive Eucharist of Church of England incurs heavy social penalties |
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Term
| What is mercantilism and how did Colbert utilize it to boost the French economy under Louis XIV? (4) |
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Definition
Regulation of economy by the government
1) New domestic industries (esp textiles)
2) High foreign tariffs, abolished domestic tariffs
3) Merchant marine. Exports > imports
4) Colonies in N. America |
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Term
| What were common obstacles that 17th c. state builders faced? (3) |
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Definition
1) Material and geographic concerns- lack of technology
2) Cultural and linguistic differences
3) Powerful groups
-church, guilds, councils, legislative corps |
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Term
| What were economic reasons for the 17th c. Spanish decline? (4) |
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Definition
1) Dependence on silver (inflation)
2) Skewed investment
3) Repudiation of debt
4) Dutch/English rivals |
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Term
| How did Richelieu curb the power of the nobles? (2) |
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Definition
1) Reorganized royal council, eliminating potential power brokers
2) Intendants- royal commissioners, from noblesse de robe, middle class with no historical prerogative- limits regional power |
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Term
| How did Charles I anger Puritans? (2) |
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Definition
1) Married a French Catholic princess
2) Supported William Laud (archbishop of Canterbury) who had Catholicish ideals |
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Term
| What were the ways, generally, in which 17th c. state-builders achieved central control? (3) |
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Definition
1) Greater taxation
2) STATE armies
3) efficient bureaucracies |
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Term
| Why did James I gain hostility from the Puritans? |
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Definition
| Refused to abolish bishops |
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Term
| Why was James I (1603-1625) so unpopular? (3) |
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Definition
1) Scottish descent
2) Insistence on divine-right
3) Royal debt, refusal to compromise with Parliament |
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Term
| What were Oliver Cromwell's religious policies? |
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Definition
| Tolerates all Protestant denominations, but HATES the Catholics (esp in Ireland- Drogheda massacres) |
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Term
| How does James II further create religious tension? (2) |
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Definition
1) Declaration of Indulgence- religious freedom for all
2) Appointed Catholic officials |
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Term
| What were the conditions of the British Bill of Rights? (5) |
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Definition
1) Parliament makes law
2) Independent Judges
3) No standing army in peacetime
4) Free elections
5) Triennial parliaments |
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Term
| What measures did the Long Parliament pass to try to reduce the King's power? (4) |
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Definition
1) 1641- Triennial Act
2) Impeached Laud
3) Abolished Court of High Commission
4) Threatened to abolish bishops |
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Term
| How did Henry IV (1589-1610) and his adviser Sully rejuvenate France economically? (5) |
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Definition
1) Lowered peasant taxes
2) Introduced paulette- fee paid by royal officials
3) Rebuilt economic infrastructure
4) Revived trade
5) Taxed salt, sales, transit |
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Term
| How were the Spanish New World territories organized? |
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Definition
4 viceroyalties (New Spain, Peru, New Granada, La Plata) each with a viceroy (imperial governor) and an audencia (12-15 judges that comprise the advisors and judicial body)
Royal intendant system from France |
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Term
| How does the Peace of Utrecht (year?) affect the major states of Western Europe? |
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Definition
1713
France- somewhat benefits (gets Spain but loses New World territory) but struggles economically from a destructive war
England- greatly benefits (gets French New World territory, control of African trade, Gibraltar, and Minorca)
Spain- gets nothing and completes decline
Netherlands- gets nothing and suffers economically |
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Term
| What does the rest of Europe do in response to Louis XIV's wars? |
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Definition
| Forms the Grand Alliance (1701) |
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Term
| What hurt the French economy under Claude le Peletier after Colbert? (3) |
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Definition
1) Bad harvests
2) Expense of wars
3) Continual taxation problems |
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Term
| What treaty ended the Dutch War? What did the French receive? |
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Definition
| Treaty of Nijmegen (1678)- more Flemish land and Franche-Comte |
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Term
| What did Louis XIV gain from the 1667 invasion of Flanders and Franche-Comte? |
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Definition
| 12 towns, most notably Lille and Tournai |
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Term
| To what extent was Colbert successful? |
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Definition
| He briefly raised revenues, but his successes were short lived and his accomplishments were undone after his death |
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Term
| What was the main problem with the French tax system in the 17th century? |
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Definition
| Nobility/clergy used their status to gain exemption from taxes |
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Term
| What do newer historians believe Louis XIV's original motives to be? |
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Definition
| Enhance the glory of the French dynasty through war |
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Term
| What doctrine was passed by Louis XIV that cancelled the Edict of Nantes? (year?) |
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Definition
| Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) |
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|
Term
| What was Louis XIV's religious policy? |
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Definition
| Tried to Catholicize France |
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Term
| Why did the House of Commons have so much more power in the 17th c. than in the 16th c.? (3) |
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Definition
1) Richer from capitalist ventures
2) Wealth leads to better education
3) Used legal knowledge to look for medieval precedents to argue for their power |
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Term
| Constitutionalism implies a balance between which two interests? |
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Definition
| Government's authority and subjects' liberty |
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Term
|
Definition
| French Classical playwright- wrote tragedies |
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Term
|
Definition
| French Classical playwrite- wrote social commentaries |
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|
Term
| Who were Lully and Couperin? |
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Definition
| French Classical musicians |
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|
Term
| What is the French Academy? Who founded it? |
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Definition
A group of scholars whose purpose was to standardize the French language
Founded by Richelieu |
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Term
| What was patronage and what was its significance at Versailles? |
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Definition
Patronage- upper ranked officials protect lower ranked officials in exchange for loyalty and services
The King at Versailles had lots of resources and privileges to give to nobles, thus this created a hierarchy with a specific court culture |
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Term
| What were Cromwell's economic policies during the Interregnum? How did he boost revenue in 1651? |
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Definition
Mercantilist policies
Navigation Act- English goods have to be transported on English ships |
|
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Term
| Where are the King's armies defeated in 1645? |
|
Definition
| Battles of Naseby and Langport |
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|
Term
| Who are Fairfax and Cromwell? |
|
Definition
| Leaders of the New Model Army in the English Civil War |
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|
Term
| What is the Constitution of the Protectorate called? What happens to it? |
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Definition
Instrument of Government, 1653- with a Lord Protector and Parliament
Cromwell tears it up |
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Term
| Who took the throne after the Glorious Revolution? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What two events led to the Glorious Revolution? |
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Definition
1) 7 bishops who petitioned against the Declaration of Indulgences are acquitted
2) James II produces a male heir |
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Term
| Why does Charles II break with Parliament? |
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Definition
| Parliament doesn't grant him enough money, so he enters a secret agreement with Louis XIV who agrees to give him 200,000 pounds annually in exchange for a promise to Catholicize England. |
|
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Term
| How did Charles II attempt to get along with Parliament at first? |
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Definition
| Sets up the Cabal- 5 men who act as both advisers and members of Parliament |
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Term
| Why are the Dutch so successful economically? (3) |
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Definition
1) Religious toleration, attracts foreign capital, investment
2) Fishing and shipbuilding- dominant merchant marine
3) Dutch E. India Co., Dutch W. India Co. |
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Term
| How are the Netherlands governed in the 17th c.? |
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Definition
| Dutch Republican Constitutionalism- Confederation (not federation) of provincial estates controlled by merchant oligarchies, loosely held together by the States General (fed. assembly) and Stadholders (reps of States General) |
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|
Term
| What does the Toleration Act (1689) in England do? |
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Definition
| Only Protestants have the right to worship, Monarch must be Anglican |
|
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Term
| What are Locke's ideas on government? (3) What work describes them? |
|
Definition
Second Treatise of Civil Government (1690)
1)Self-evident rights: life, liberty, property
2) Right to rebel against tyranny
3) Limiting vote to property owners |
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|
Term
| What forces Charles I to require an army? |
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Definition
Rebellion of Scotland, 1640
Irish Rebellion, 1641 |
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Term
| What did the English Civil War (1642-1649) test? What are the consequences? |
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Definition
Whether sovereignty resides in King or Parliament
King is defeated, accused of high treason, and executed. Military rule under Cromwell follows. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Dutch 17th century art? |
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Definition
| Secular activities and everyday life. Realistic and detailed. |
|
|
Term
| What were significant Dutch social values? (2) |
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Definition
1)"Protestant" work ethic
2)Middle and working class views and perspective |
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|
Term
| What industry suffered the most in the 17th century? What did this lead to economically? |
|
Definition
Textile industry
Countries exporting many goods suffer economically |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Study of what happens to a population over time |
|
|
Term
| How did Charles I raise revenues without Parliament? |
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Definition
| Illegal taxation (ship money case) |
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Term
| Newer historians believe the best reason why Louis XIV was successful in imposing absolutism was ____. |
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Definition
| Changes to the French army |
|
|
Term
| What were the major changes to armies in the 17th c.? (3) |
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Definition
1 Standing army controlled by the monarchs
2) Rise in professionalism
3) Growth in size |
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Term
| Compare the old historical consensus of how absolutist and constitutionalist states differed with the newer, more nuanced picture. |
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Definition
OLD VIEW
-Absolutist states able to crush rebellion by breaking institutional power, Constitutionalist states were humbled by more powerful institutions and had to give up power
NEW VIEW
Absolutists compromised with nobles, co-opting and convincing them; Constitutional rulers still retained power and ruled alongside institutions. |
|
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Term
| Who are Tellier and Martinet? |
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Definition
| Louis XIV's military training specialists- responsible for recruiting and training his armies |
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Term
| What were political/military reasons for the 17th c. Spanish decline? (4) |
|
Definition
1) Stubborn, war-loving monarchs
2) Bad advisers
3) 1640- Portuguese revolt
4) Defeat by French at Rocroi- Treaty of Pyrenees (1659) forces Spain to surrender extensive territory to France |
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Term
| What were the causes of popular revolt in the 17th century? (3) |
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Definition
1) food shortages (bread riots)
2) High taxes- angered by nobles' tax exemptions
3) Lack of representation in government |
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|
Term
| What were ways Louis XIV put down threats to his power? (4) |
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Definition
1) Upper-middle class officials
2) Never calls Estates General
3) No first minister
4) Secret police |
|
|
Term
| Why did revolts die down by the end of the 17th c.? (2) |
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Definition
1) Better integration of local government into the national structure
2) Prompt military support from central government available |
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|
Term
| The foundations of absolutism in France were based in which theories? |
|
Definition
Bishop Bossuet- Divine Right
Thomas Hobbes- Limits on power paralyze government (Leviathan) |
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Term
| What was the Fronde and what caused it? (years?) |
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Definition
Uprising in 1648-1653 opposing new leadership of Cardinal Mazarin and struggle to create revenue for the war with Spain
Riot in Parlement was direct cause |
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Term
| Why did Richelieu support Protestants in the Thirty-Years' War? |
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Definition
| Weaken the Habsburgs in the Swedish phase of the war- eliminate Habsburg threats to power |
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Term
| What were Richelieu's religious goals? What event signified this? |
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Definition
Eliminate the "state within a state" (Protestantism) by weakening Huguenot rights
Fall of La Rochelle, 1628 |
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|
Term
| What was the ultimate goal of Cardinal Richelieu? |
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Definition
| "Total subordination of all" |
|
|
Term
| What was the "culture of retribution?" |
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Definition
| Punishment/violence against officials who attempted to announce or collect taxes, driven by political anger |
|
|
Term
| Who was Peter Paul Rubens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the roots of baroque art? (3) |
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Definition
1) Catholic reformation
2) Absolutist monarchs
3) Appeal to middle class |
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|
Term
| What were characteristics of baroque art? |
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Definition
| Drama, emotion, movement, intense color |
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|
Term
| Who were Louis XIV's officials? Why? |
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Definition
| Upper-middle class- he did not want any competition for power. |
|
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Term
| Why is the Fronde significant? (2) |
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Definition
1) Need to compromise- King, noblesse de robe, noblesse de epee
2) Cornerstone of Louis XIV's political education |
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Term
| What were Brazil's main products in the 17th c.? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the Portuguese equivalent of Spanish viceroys in Brazil? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Spanish crown's claim to 1/5 of all precious metals from South America |
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