Term
| What event leads directly to a long struggle between the Spanish and Incans until the 1570's? |
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Definition
| The Spanish capture Atahualpa, take an enormous ransom, and then kill him. |
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Term
| What are the consequences of the Spanish Armada's defeat in 1588 in the Battle of the Channel? (5) |
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Definition
1) Spain rebuilds navy
2) War b/t Spain and England
3) Religious unity not achieved by force
4) Borders of Netherlands become permanent
5) English national sentiment, and morale rise |
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Term
| Who is the explorer who lands in Peru and began the conquest of the Inca Empire? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did the encomienda system do? |
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Definition
| Legalized the enslaving of the Amerindians, mostly to work on sugar plantations |
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Term
| What were major reasons for the decline of the Amerindian population? (2) |
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Definition
1) New Western diseases
2) Overworking |
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Term
| What caused more slaves from Africa to be in demand after 1453? (3) |
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Definition
Capture of Constantinople blocks slave trade to Black Sea and Balkans
Sugar plantations in Atlantic need labor |
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Term
| What was the Columbian Exchange? |
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Definition
| Biosocial exchange of crops, people, animals, etc. between the Old World and New World |
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Term
| What did the Spanish discover at Potasi in Bolivia in 1545 that led to a temporary boost in economy, but also population increase and economic inflation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who actually drove the world silver trade in the late 16th c.? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Philip II's primary religious objective? |
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Definition
| reimpose Catholicism on all of Northern Europe |
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Term
| Why didn't Philip II achieve his religious goals? |
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Definition
| He was preoccupied with Ottomans and other parts of his gigantic empire |
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Term
| What were technological advances that made overseas exploration possible? (5) |
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Definition
1) Lightweight easier-to-sail caravel ( > galley)
2) Development of ship-based cannons
3) Maps in the style of Ptolemy's Geography that include longitude and latitude
4) Magnetic Compass
5) Astrolabe- device that determines position based on sun and stars |
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Term
| What date did Columbus make landfall in the Bahamas? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does Columbus go after San Salvador? Does he find gold? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Columbus do in his second voyage? |
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Definition
| He attempts to subjugate Hispaniola and enslave its peoples- Hispaniola was taken from him and put under Spanish royal control |
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Term
| What was the purpose of the Spanish Armada? |
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Definition
Reach England, cut off trade routes of the Netherlands
Pope Sixtus V promises Philip II $1 mil gold ducats when he lands in England because of political ties to Mary, Elizabeth's heir, who was Catholic |
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Term
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Definition
| Doubt that total certainty or definite knowledge is ever attainable |
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Term
| Who was the Portuguese Prince who sponsored annual expeditions of West Africa in the early 15th c.? |
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Definition
| Prince Henry "the Navigator" |
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Term
| What does Michel de Montaigne's Essays argue? |
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Definition
| All cultures are equal, no culture is superior to another |
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Term
| During the reigns of which two rulers was the "Golden Age of English Literature?" |
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Definition
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Term
| Who led a series of highly successful naval expeditions in China in the early 15th c.? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the Pre-Columbian trade world centered? |
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Definition
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Term
| What event marked the beginning of Portuguese exploration in 1415? |
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Definition
| Conquest of Ceuta (Arab city in Northern Morocco) |
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Term
| By 1500, what natural resource does Portugal exclusively gain control over and sell to other Europeans? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who rounds the Cape of Good Hope in 1487? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which European is credited with discovering the voyage to India via the Cape of Good Hope route in 1497? |
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Definition
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Term
| Under which commander and which king do the Portuguese send another voyage to India in 1500-1501, that sparks inspiration for them to send a voyage annually? |
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Definition
King Manuel
Pedro Alvares Cabral |
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Term
| What did Columbus do before he was an explorer? |
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Definition
| Mapmaker, drew maps and writing up portolans- written descriptions of courses where ships sailed |
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Term
| What document declared Columbus the victor over and all discovered territory and 1/10 of the profits? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why was India so important in trade before and during the Age of Exploration? (2) |
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Definition
1) Ties to Persian Gulf area/Mesopotamia and China
2) Valuable exports |
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Term
| Why was Africa so important as a trade center before and during the Age of Exploration? (3) |
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Definition
1) Large empires, academic centers like Cairo
2) Gold, slaves, ivory
3) Links to Muslim World (Mansa Musa) |
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Term
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Definition
| Legendary mythical African King- encouraged European exploration |
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Term
| What two Islamic Empires took control of the Middle East in the 15th and 16th centuries? |
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Definition
| Ottoman Turks, Persian Safavids |
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Term
| What role did Ottoman Expansion play in European discoveries? |
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Definition
| Ottoman expansion and domination leads Europeans to look for new trade routes |
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Term
| Who aligned with the Ottomans in the Ottoman-Safavid War of 1615-1618? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which explorer discovered modern day Venezuela and was the first to claim that he had found a "New World?" |
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Definition
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Term
| Who controlled the spice trade before Spanish and Portuguese voyages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Venice and Genoa do after losing control of the spice trade? |
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Definition
Venice- shipping industry, firearms, slave trade
Genoa- finances/banking, slave trade |
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Term
| What were the causes of European exploration and expansion? (6) |
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Definition
1) Demand for luxury goods, esp. spices
2) Religious fervor, desire to convert
3) Renaissance curiosity
4) Lack of opportunity at home
5) Spanish political consolidation and economic stability
6) Books like Oviedo's General History of the Indies (1547) |
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Term
| What document gave Spain everything east of an imaginary line down the Atlantic and Portugal everything to the east in 1494? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the first European to discover the Pacific Ocean and sail around the world? |
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Definition
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Term
| What company/who dominated the Spice trade in India in the early 17th c.? |
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Definition
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Term
| Were English and French exploration as successful as the Spanish and Portuguese? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which adventurer crossed to mainland Mexico in 1519 and entered Tenochtitlan? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why were the Aztecs defeated so quickly by the Spanish? (5) |
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Definition
1) Internal weakness caused by the resentment of recently subjugated tribes
2) Preoccupation with harvest time
3) Bad omens demoralized Aztec tribes
4) Tactical mistakes- not "Dividing and conquering"
5) Inferior weaponry |
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Term
| What did the Incans originally believe about the Spanish? |
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Definition
| They were sent by their creator-god Virocha |
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Term
| Even before the Spanish arrive, what event weakens Aztec authority? |
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Definition
| 5 year civil war between sons of Huayna Capac for the throne. Atahualpa wins but is damaged and exhausted by war |
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Term
| Aden and Cairo were _____ cities in the 15th c., and Hormuz and Baghdad were _____ cities. |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Indian Ocean port cities differ from European cities in the 15th c.? |
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Definition
Multi-cultural and cosmopolitan- bigger/better
Women had much more rights |
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Term
| Gujurat and Calicut were _____ cities. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| considered the greatest Persian Safavid ruler, ruled in late 16th/early 17th c., expanded Persian empire |
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Term
| Who brought Christianity to Malacca, Calicut, Hormuz, and Goa? |
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Definition
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Term
| Prince Henry's explorers claimed the ______ for Portugal. |
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Definition
| Atlantic Islands, Ceuta, and Arguim (Mauritania) |
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Term
| How religious was Columbus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drove later exploration after the Treaty of Tordesillas? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who sponsored Diaz and da Gama's explorations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who sponsored Cabral and Albuquerque's explorations? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the early 16th c., the Ottomans conquered _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Ottomans were _____ Muslim and the Persians were _____ Muslim. |
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Definition
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Term
| What foods were exchanged between the Old World and New world during the Age of Exploration? |
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Definition
Wheat, grapes, olives (from Europe)
Maize and potatoes (from New World) |
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Term
| What disease of significance was transferred to the New World from the Europeans? |
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Definition
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Term
| What animals were introduced to the New World from Europe? |
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Definition
| Cattle, pigs, horses, sheep |
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