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| Spanish Catholic king whose Calvinist subjects in the Low Countries revolted against him; his armada was defeated when he tried to invade England. |
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| Began as a religious conflict; led to decline of Holy Roman Empire. Austrian Hapsburgs vs. Muslim Ottoman Turks. Four phases: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French. Austrians eventually gained control of Bohemia, Hungary, and Transylvania. |
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| Attacked Austria in 1683, but was defeated. |
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| Autocratic Russian expansionist who limited the power of the nobles (boyars), expanded the realm, and solidified the role of czar. |
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| After Ivan the Terrible's death; marked by civil war and the lack of a heir. Ended when the nobles established the Romanov dynasty in 1613. |
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| Expanded the power of the state and of the czars. Westernized Russia. |
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| The Holhenzollern, Fredrick William |
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| Ruled Brandenburg, an electrorate of the HRE which became semi-independent after the Thirty Years' War. Solidified Brandenburg by weakening the nobles (Junkers) and supressing the peasants. |
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| Ruled France. Tried to weaken the Hapsburgs. Consolidated absolutism by instituting the taille (tax on land and property) Created the Concordat of Bologna. |
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| Created by Francis I. Granted the Pope the right to collect annates in return for the power to nominate high officials in the French church. |
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| The first year's revenue from Church offices. |
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| French ruler. Successor to Francis I. Persecuted the Hugenots (French Calvinists.) |
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| Francis II and Charles IX |
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| French rulers. Also persecuted the Hugenots, which lead to civil war. |
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| Issued edict of toleration against persecution of Hugenots, halting civil war. Mother of, and regent for, Charles IX. |
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| The Massacre of St. Bartholemew's Day |
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| Renewed the civil war. Catholic mobs slaughtered Huguenot leaders who had gathered in Paris to celebrate a royal wedding. |
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| Henry of Navarre. Hugenot who converted to Catholicism. Passed the Edict of Nantes. |
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| Issued by Henry IV. Granted civil and religious freedom to the Huguenot minority. |
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| Financial minister of Henry IV. Reformed the tax collection system, improved transportation, and stimulated trade and prosperity, which lead to an increase in the power of the monarchy. |
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| Prime minister to Louis XIII. His policies centralized the government and strengthened absolutism. |
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| The Sun King. Absolute monarch. Ruled from Versailles. |
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| Prime minister for Louis XIV's mother, who ruled as his regent. Protected Louis's claim to the throne during the Ars of the Frondes. |
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| Reached their height from 1650 to 1652. The Frondeurs were nobles who sought to limit the powers of the monarch and decentralize the government to extend their own influence. |
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| Divine right theory of rule |
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| "God wants you to obey absolute monarchs." |
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| "Father of French Mercantilism." Louis XIV's financial minister. Abolished internal tariffs and created a free trade zone in most of France. Stimulated industry by building up the military. Wanted to make France self-sufficient. |
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| First of the Tudor monarchs. Ended the Wars of the Roses. Regulated trade and commerce; used revenues from the middle class to keep the nobility in check. Court of the Star Chamber administered central justice. |
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| Sucessor to Henry VII. Had six wives. His reign lead to the English Reformation. |
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| Henry VIII's daughter by Catherine of Aragon. Catholic. Married to Philip II of Spain. Burned Protestants at the stake, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary." |
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| Henry VIII's daughter by Anne Boleyn. Last and greatest of the Tudor monarchs. Elizabethan Era. |
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| Passed by Elizabeth I. Followed Protestant doctrine to remove Catholic religious influence, but were pretty fair to Catholics as well. |
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| Lead the English fleet to defeat Philip II. |
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| James I was the first, taking the throne upon Elizabeth's death. Succeded by Charles I. Fought with Parliament, leading to the English Civil War. |
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| Began in 1660. The Protectorate/Commonwealth ended, and Charles II was crowned. |
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| Made up of nobles, the gentry, and the Anglicans. Conservatives who supported the monarchy over Parliament and wanted Anglicanism to be the state religion. |
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| Mostly middle-class and Puritan. Favored Parliament and religious toleration. |
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| Overthrow of King James II of England by William of Orange, aka William Nassau. |
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| English Englightenment philosopher. "Consent of the governed." |
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