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| (1492-1503) Corrupt Spanish pope. He was aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia, who was the hero of The Prince. |
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| Italian poet wrote Inferno and Divine Comedy. |
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| (1313-1375) Wrote the Decameron which tells about ambitious merchants, portrays a sensual, and worldly society. |
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| One of the leading painters of the Florentine renaissance, developed a highly personal style. The Birth of Venus |
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| (1377-1446) Italian architect, celebrated for work during Florentine Renaissance. He was anti-Gothic. Foundling Hospital in Florence. |
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| (1475-1564) Worked in Rome. Painted the Sistine Chapel. Sculpted the statue of David. |
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| Wrote The Courtier which was about education and manners and had a great influence. It said that an upper class, educated man should know many academic subjects and should be trained in music, dance, and art. |
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| (1452-1519) Artist who made religious paintings and sculptures like the Last Supper. |
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| (1469-1492) The Medici’s were a great banking family in Florence in the 15th century. Ruled government of Florence from behind the scene. |
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| (1547-1616) Spanish writer. Wrote Don Quixote. |
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| Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish. |
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| (1386-1466) Sculptor. Probably exerted greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo. His statues expressed an appreciation of the incredible variety of human nature. |
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| (1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist, religious education. Wrote Praise of Folly. |
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| Headed leading banking, and trading house in l6th century Europe. |
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| (1276-1337) Florentine Painter who led the way in the use of realism. |
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| Painter noted for his portraits and religious paintings. |
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| Studied the Latin classics to learn what they reveal about human nature. Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities. |
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| Individualism stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and the fullest development of capabilities and talents. |
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| (1503-1513) Pope - very militaristic. Tore down the old Saint Peter’s Basilica and began work on the present structure in 1506. |
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| (1469-1527) Wrote The Prince which contained a secular method of ruling a country. "End justifies the means." |
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| (1533-1592) The finest representative of early modern skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay. |
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| (1478-1535) Englishman, lawyer, politician, Chancellor for Henry VIII. Wrote Utopia which presented a revolutionary view of society. Executed for not compromising his religious beliefs. |
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| Monarchies that took measures to limit the power of the Roman Catholic Church within their countries. |
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| Conspiracy to overthrow the Medici’s. |
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| (1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization |
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| French satirical author.Gargantua and Pantagruel. |
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| A man that is multitalented and is well educated. |
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| The awakening from the dark ages and the focusing on the Roman’s. |
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| Friar Girolamo Savonarola |
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| (1452-1498) Dominican friar who attacked paganism and moral vice of Medici and Alexander VI. Burned at the stake in Florence. |
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| The belief in material things instead of religious things. |
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| (1406-1457) On Pleasure, and On false Donation of Constantine. Father of modern historical criticism. |
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| Everyday language of a specific nation. |
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| The striving for excellence. Humanistic aspect of Renaissance. |
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| Declared the king the supreme head of the Church of England. |
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| Upholding to the teachings of the Church of England as defined by Elizabeth I. |
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| Theological writings profoundly influenced religious thoughts of Europeans. Developed Calvinism at Geneva. Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion |
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| The bread and wine undergo a spiritual change. |
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| Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. |
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| Prepared the First Book of Common Prayer. |
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| Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. |
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| 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. |
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| When a person is kicked out of the Catholic church. |
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| Bohemian religious reformer whose efforts to reform the church eventually fueled the Protestant Reformation. |
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| Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, Spiritual Exercises. |
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| Selling of these was common practice by the Catholic church, corruption that led to reformation. |
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| The Institutes of Christian Religion |
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| Members of the Society of Jesus, staunch Catholics. Led by Loyola. |
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| Dominated the movement for reform in Scotland. Had been taught in Geneva by Calvin. |
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| 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. |
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| The selling of church offices |
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| The practice of lending money for interest |
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| A community in which the state is subordinate to the church |
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| Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life. |
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| The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther. |
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| Cardinal, highest ranking church official and lord chancellor. Dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. |
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| (c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope. |
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| (1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war. |
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| Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism. |
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| The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War. |
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| Treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War (1648) and readjusted the religious and political affairs of Europe. |
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| St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre |
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| Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572. |
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| French civil war because the Holy League vowed to bar Henri of Navarre from inheriting the French throne. Supported by the Holy League and Spain's Philip II, Henri of Guise battles Henri III of Valois and Henri of Navarre. |
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| Italian-born navigator explored the coast of New England, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland. Gave England a claim in North America. |
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| Claimed Brazil for Portugal |
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| Big commercial center for importing and exporting commodities. |
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| Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the new World. |
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| (1487-1488) Portuguese, first European to reach the southern tip of Africa. |
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| English sea captain, robbed Spanish treasure ships; 'singed the king beard'; involved in the armada. |
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| King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella |
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| Monarchs who united Spain; responsible for the reconquista. |
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| Indians were required to work a certain number of days for a land owner, but had their own land to work as well. |
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| Sailed from Portugal for India. |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| (1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire. |
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| (1480?-1521) Portuguese navigator. While trying to find a western route to Asia, he was killed in the Philippines (1521). One of his ships returned to Spain (1522), thereby completing the first circumnavigation of the globe. |
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| A water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through northern Canada and along the northern coast of Alaska. Sought by navigators since the 16th century. |
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| 1552?-1618) English courtier, navigator, colonizer, and writer. A favorite of Elizabeth I, he introduced tobacco and the potato to Europe. Convicted of treason by James I, he was released for another expedition to Guiana and executed after its failure. |
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| Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas. |
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| 1485?-1528?) Italian explorer of the Atlantic coast of North America. |
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| When sovereignty is embodied in the person of the ruler. |
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| Possessing a monopoly over the instruments of justice. |
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| Became President of the Council of ministers and the first minister of the French crown. |
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| Influenced by Richelieu to exult the French monarchy as the embodiment of the French state. |
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| 1648-53. Brutal civil wars that struck France during the reign of Louis XIII. |
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| Became a cardinal in 1641, succeeded Richelieu and dominated the power in French government. |
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| Louis XIV had the longest reign in European history. Helped France to reach its peak of absolutist development. |
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| King of France who ruled as an absolute monarch, even as a child. |
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| An advisor to Louis XIV who proved himself a financial genius who managed the entire royal administration. |
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| The philosophy that a state's strength depends upon it wealth. |
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