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| Method of farming before the Industrial Revolution. Divided the land around each village into several large fields, which were each cut up into small, narrow strips. There was nothing separating the strips, so peasants farmed as a community. |
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| Advocated the use of iron plows to turn earth more deeply, as well as a seed drill to plant wheat rather than cast it. |
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| Landlords consolidated their lands to increase production. Common land was fenced in, and large, buisness-owned farms replaced small family farms. |
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| The study of population growth and movement, especially as it impacts the earth's enviroment and natural resources. |
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| The Industrial Revolution |
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| Occured between 1750 and 1850. An economic change in the source of energy for work. |
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| The making of many identical items by dividing the work into simple repetitive tasks. |
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| First person to mass-produce pottery. Divided work among the employees of his porcelain factory to maximize efficiency. |
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| American inventor. Invented the cotton gin ( a device that separates the cotton fibers from the boil, or seed) in 1793, increasing the amount of cotton that farms in the American South were able to produce. |
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| Discovered that coke (a purified form of coal) could be used in smelting iron. Since coal was abundant in Britan, this invention made it possible to mass produce iron in Europe. |
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| Standardized parts that could be used in all machines produced. The ability to repair a complex machine by replacing only one one defective part with an identical part kept factories running efficiently. |
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| Invented by James Watt from Glasgow in 1764. Produced steam from coal to power engines. |
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| A clockwise network of trade routes. Ships carried guns, cotton textiles, and manufactured goods from Europe to Africa, slaves from Africa to the New World, and products such as sugar, tobacco, gold, silver, and food crops from the New World to Europe. |
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| Second leg of the Atlantic Circuit. Took slaves from Africa to the New World. |
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| Spanish ships that crossed the Pacific Ocean. Went between Manila in the Philippines, where they picked up Asian luxury goods, and Acapulo on the west coast of Mexico, where they picked up silver. |
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| Trading posts established by Portugese explorers. African merchants brought goods to be traded because the Portugese weren't militarily strong enough to go inland, so they had to trade with the African merchants on their terms. |
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| A kingdom just south of the Congo river; the Christian missonaries' greatest sucess story. The kingdom was brought to Christianity in the early 16th century. In 1665 the king, distressed by slave trading, went to war with the Portugese, but the Portugese won because they were better-armed. |
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| An African slave taken to the New World. Learned English and became active in the abolitionist movement. Provided a first-person written account of his experiences. |
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| Wrote The Wealth of Nations, a book on capitalism and the power of mass production, in 1776. |
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| Putting-out system/cottage industry |
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| Buisnesspeople dropped materials off at workers' houses, and the workers turned them into goods which could be sold. |
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