Term
| Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis pg 490 |
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| In 1559 France and Spain signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, which ended the long conflict known as the Habsburg-Valois Wars. Spain was the victor. |
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| The occasion was a religious ceremony, the marriage of the king's sister Margaret of Valois to the Protestant Henry of Navarre, which was intended to help reconcile Catholics and Huguenots, as French Calvinists were called. Among the many Calvinists present for the wedding festivities was Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, head of one of the great noble families of France and leader of the Huguenot party. |
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| Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre pg 492 |
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| A savage Catholic attack on CAlvinists in Paris on August 24, 1572 (Saint Bartholomew's Day), followed the usual pattern. It led to fighting called the War of the Three Henrys. |
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| War of the Three Henry's (not bold) pg 492 |
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| The War of the Three Henry's, a civil conflict among factions led by the CAtholic Henry of Guise, the Protestant Henry of Navarre, and King Henry II, who succeeded the tubercular Charles IX |
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| What ultimatley saved France was a small group of moderates of both faiths called politiques, who believed that only the restoration of strong monarchy could reverse the trend toward collapse. |
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| The Edict of Nantes, which Henry published in 1598, granted to Huguenots liberty of conscience and liberty of public worship in 150 fortified towns, such as La Rochelle. |
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| Antwerp's harbor could dock twenty-five hundred vessels at once, and five thousand merchants from many nations gathered daily in the bourse (or exchange). |
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| The seven norther provinces, led by Holland, formed the Union of Utrecht and in 1591 declared their independence from Spain. |
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| Philip pondered the Dutch and English developments at the the Escorial, northwest of Madrid. |
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| The Spanish Armada of 130 vessels meet an English fleet of about 150 ships in the Channel. |
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| The militantly active Jesuits had reconverted several Lutheran princes to Catholicism. In an increasingly tense situation, Lutheran princes formed the Protestant Union (1608), and Catholics retaliated with the Catholic League (1609). |
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| Peace of Westphalia pg 499 |
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| The treaties signed at Munster and Osnabruck, commonly called the Peace of Westphalia, marked at turning point in European political, religious, and social history. |
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| The magnetic compass enabled sailors to determine their direction and position at sea. |
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| The astroblabe, an instrument developed by Muslim navigators in the twelfth century and used to determine the altitude of the sun and other celestial bodies, permitted mariners to plot their latitude. |
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| General History of the Indies pg 506 |
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Definition
| Fernandez de Oviedo's "General History of the Indies" (1547), a detailed eyewitness account of plants, animals, and peoples, was widely read. |
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| Golden Century of Spain pg 510 |
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Definition
| The sixteenth century has been called the Golden Century of Spain. The influence of Spanish armies, Spanish Catholicism, and Spanish wealth was felt all over Europe. |
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| The price revolution severely strained government budgets. Several times between 1557 and 1647, Philip II and his successors were forced to repudiate the state debt, which in turn undermined confidence in the government. |
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| In the sixteenth century, the Crown divided its New World territories into four viceroyalties, or administrative divisions: New Spain, which consisted of Mexico, Central America, and present-day California, Arizona. |
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| The Crown claimed the quinto, one-fifth of all precious metal mined in South America. Gold and silver yielded the Spanish monarchy 25 percent of its total income. |
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| "A witch was a person who hath conference with the Devil to consult with him or to do some act." |
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| The term baroque itself may have come from the Portuguese word for an "odd shaped, imperfect pearl" and was commonly used by late eighteenth-century art critics as an expression of scorn for what they considered an overblown, unbalanced style. |
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