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| person who knew where and how to sell a product, who takes the risk |
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| what you need to produce more wealth |
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| first of the German family of Bankers who esablised a business in fustion |
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| lending money at a high interst rate |
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gvt policy that meant exporting more than importing heavy tarrifs on imports used colonies to get more raw materials most countries in Europe used this |
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| famous law designed to forve people to work and eliminate poverty and begging for money |
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| Spanish nobles, very numerous in Spain |
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| Northeast German nobles who lived modestly adn enjoyed independence and social superiority |
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| German's name for serfdom |
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| trading within the country, anti-mercantilist |
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Brother of Charles V Holy Roman Emporer Head of Austrian segment of Holy Roman Empire: Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary |
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Charles V's son King of Spain |
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| Spain's Golden Age (1556-1598) |
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| one of the many books that were written during the siglo de orro |
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extavagant palace and monastery and mosaleum. erected by Philip II. in honor of St. Lawrence whose feast day he had won a battle against the French |
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brought Inquisition to Netherlands sent by Phillip II created Council of Troubles/Council of Blood Influence in Netherlands-1567 |
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| Council of Troubles/Council of Blood |
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council created by the Duke of Alva to supress religious and political dissidents. sort of like the Inquisition |
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| Other name for Netherlands, of what was to become Belgium |
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| 2 major counteis of the northern provinces |
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| constitution of the Netherlands |
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| William of Orange/William the Silent |
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Phillip II's lieutenant who issued war at sea Lead the Dutch Revolution against Spain |
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| Mary Queen of Scots/Mary Stuart |
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Catholic who was queen of France until husband's death queen of Scotland until driven out by Calvanists thought herself rightful queen of England, but her plots to get the crown lead to her "house arrest" was queen for a short time to the short-lived victory of Don Juan |
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1/2 brother of Philip II governor genreal of Netherlands-1576 had Mary Stuart overthrow Elizabeth and married her |
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governor general of Netherlands-1578 broke solid front of 17 provinces rallied southernmost provinces to his side |
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| unification of the 7 norhern provinces by declaring independence form the king of Spain |
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| United Provinces of the Netherlands/Dutch Republic/Holland |
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| what the 7 northern provinces called themselves |
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| Earl of Liecester/Robert Dudley |
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| head of English triips who was sent to the Netherlands by England |
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| Great Armada sent to Netherlands to escort the prince of Parma's army across the Channel and was defeated by a fleet of English vessels |
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| great storm which blew and broke the Armada norhtward into terrible cosats which the Spanish had to skirt |
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an agreement taht the Netherladns be partitioned the Dutch up north and 10 southern provinces would be known as Spanish Netherlands |
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| allowing minority religiojn to practice their faith w/o persecutuon |
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1517-1648 PR-End of 30 Year's War Protestant vs. Catholic confilicts |
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| right to regulate religion ona lord's own estates |
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King of France who opposed the spread of Calvanism kille din a tournament |
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Italian wife of Henry II who brought a little Rennaisance to France and a taste for political intruigue tried to govern France for her 3 sons |
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| 3 songs of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici |
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Francis II (1559-1560) Charles IX(1560-1574) Henry III (1574-1589) |
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| one of the many leaders of rank who lead the Huguenots |
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| Henry of Bourbon/Henry of Navarre/Henry IV |
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Huguenot who inherited the thrown and was the first of the cousin of the Valois family, Bourbons. Converted to Catholicism and tried to stay in the middle of Protestant and Catholic conflict, by being Cathlic and issuing policies benefiting Portestants politique Issued Edict of Nantes |
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| Duke of Guise/Henry of Guise |
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| leader of a popeish Catholic party to extripate heresy and dethrown Henry III |
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"pliticals" who concluded that tooo much was being made of religion and that there could be 2 churches. wanted civil order and believed in obeynace to the king |
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| political philosopher who first thought the idea of sovereignity and pushed for univerasl monarchy |
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religious toleration allowed Protestant services in their own home. same civil rights some discrimination still against Protestant and bias |
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| parliamentary body in France who met rarely, and throughout the Age of the Wars of Religion met only once after the assasination of Henry IV |
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| inherits the thrown after the assasination of Henry IV, but did rarely anything becuase he didn't want to |
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took over France for Louis XIII, in the name of him. strengthened economy and tried to go towards civil order. wanted France to become absolute monarch. |
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| lead a Huguenot rebllion in 1627 in La Rochelle, supported by English, was ended by Richelieu and the Peace of Alais |
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| amendment to Edict of Nantes, took away Calvanist rights and ended the Huguenot rebellioon led by Duke of Rohan. Protestants keep their religion, but get no politcial power |
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| German state that became Calvanist, located on the Rhine |
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| one of the 7 people who elected the HR Emporer |
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| Czechs, feared the loss of their Protestant liberties |
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| assembled a force of professional fighters under Emporer Ferdinand, used corruptlyu by him and defeated the king of Denmark and invaded the Danish peninsula |
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| emporer declared all church territories secularized, restored Catholic Church |
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| king of Sweden, created a base to safely conduct aversery operation, created most modern army of the time, Lutheran |
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1653 Saxons made this peace, German Protestants concurred in it and wtirhdrwa their support frm the Swedes isolated Swedes |
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1648 - Peace of Augsburg + Calvanism
- German states-sovereign
- France-Rights inn Alsace and Lorraine
- Sweden-northern German Territory
- Dutch Republic-permantent independence
- Swiss Cantons-independence
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| 3 factors that contributed to the great economic readjustment in the 14th century |
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opening of ocean trade routes Growth of population (demand and supply) gradual inflation (goal of capitalism) |
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| 2 most populated countries and cities in 17th century |
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France and HRE Paris and London |
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big economic change and rise of capitalism Rennaisance-Industrial Revolution |
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| Commercial capitalism vs Industrial capitalism |
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CR:merchant-putting out labor-domestic IR:industrialist-mass production-factoryworker |
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| 4 new social classes due to CR |
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1:Clergy 2:nobles 3:Middle class Working Class(urban) Peasantry (rural) |
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| Majority of European social class |
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| Main social differnec between East and West Europe |
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West-massively middle-working class suffer-business centered-middle class benefits from CR East-either nobles or peasants-peasants suffer-agricultural based-nobles befnefit from CR |
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| Empire of Phillip II of Spain consisted of what? |
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| Iberian peninsula, Netherlands, Burgandy, Naples, Milan, Americas, and Belgium |
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| Political situation of 17 provinces of Netherlands before 1560 |
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Calvanist vs Spanish Catholics Dutch-leading capitalists Spansih-medieval Dutch-self rule; Spanish-absolute monarchy common enemy-SPAIN! |
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| Why did Elizabeth I sign an alliance with Netherlands and support them? |
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| feared Mary Queen of Scots and her possible usurption of the crown and bringeing her intense Catholicism. |
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| after dutch revolt, became financial and commerical capital of Northern Europe |
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| Most sociall valuable group driven out by Spain |
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| Why was the Protestantism in France so clear-cut and radical? |
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| developed w/o gvt support |
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| Why did religious civil wars of France differ from the rest of the civil wars in previous history? |
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Absecne of gvt and territorial base. no regions. |
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| How did royal absolutism start? |
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politoques believed in sovereignity rather than religious absolutism. chaos brougth need for stability and order |
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| What type of economic system did Cardinal Richelieu introduce in france |
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Percent of England Catholic Percent of France Protestant |
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| 3 types of war to explain The Thirty Year's War |
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German civil war over Catholic-Protestant issue and constitutional issue between emporer and member sates struggling to maintian independence int'l war between Frecnh and Hapsburugs and Spain and Dutch |
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| Bohemian phase of 30 Year's War |
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Bohemians depose of Matthias and elext Frederick V ( a calvanist), who brought aid to them Ferdinand (Matthias' succesor) brought the SpanishMilan Triips to overwhelm bhemians at the batttle of the White Mtn. Frederick Flees and Spain takes control |
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| Danish phase of 30 Year's War |
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King of Denmark is named head of protestant Affairs Emporer Ferniand creates a new Army, led by Albert Wallenstein (whose actions were abusive and torturous) Albert Wallenstein invades Denmark Edict of Restitutions ends conflict and a possible end to Protestentism |
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| Swedish phase of 30 Year's War |
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King of Sweden(Gustavas Aldophus) creates most modern army Richeliu is put in head Modern army penetrates Bohemia Combines forces with Saxons Saxons leave Swedes in dust after signing Peace of Prague |
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| Swedish-French phase of 30 Year's War |
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French lend aid to Swedish Portugal and Calonia rebel against Phillip IV of France French spread usual devastation into Catalonia Peace of Westaphalia |
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Population decrease Trade and agriculture disrupted Economy Ruined Long and difficult recovery |
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| Long Term Effects of Peace of Westaphalia and 30 Year's War |
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weakened Austrai and Spain Strengthened France's position New method of peace negotiator-Europe as agroup of equal independent stes- beg of modern state system-no papal influence Hapsburgs:down;French:up |
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From Scandanavia Discovered NE N America during 10th/11th century |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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From Portugal Discovered NW Africa during 15th Century |
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From Portugal Discovered S Africa in 1488 |
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| Portugese, Explored Asia by going around Africa in 1498 |
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Italian, in the name of England, who discovred NE N America in 1497 |
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| Portugese who discovered E S America during 1501-04 |
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| Spaniard who discovered Panam in 1513 |
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| Italian in the name of France who discovered NE N America in 1523 |
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| French who discovered Quebec in 1523 |
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Spaniard who discovere Peru in 1535 conquers Incas, conquistador |
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| Frenchman who discoveres NE N America in 1608 |
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| Englishman Who explored NE N America in early 17th century |
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| Frenchmen who explored Mississippi Valley in 17th century |
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| Who was the "tabloid scandal" Elizabeth had with? |
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| Special relationiship Elizabeth had, but couldn't marry b/c of mysterious death of his wife |
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| James VI of Scotland/James I of England |
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| Son og Mary of Scots who succeeded Elizabeth after her death at 69 years |
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