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| the speaker's credibility/trustworthiness on the subject |
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| to convince by compelling evidence and a coherent logical thread |
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| to convince by arousing strong emotions |
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| represents an object/image |
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| persuades a course of action |
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| helps readers understand through senses |
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| explains by way of concrete instances to demonstrate a concept |
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| tells a story about the subject to entertain, instruct or enlighten |
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| clarifies the meaning of the subject, its boundaries and distinctions |
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| explains a logical conclusion by showing the subject's parts or elements |
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| establishes relational order, showing groups into which the subject can be stored |
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| provides reasons for and consequences of the subject; answers why? |
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| explains the subject by highlighting similarities and differences to other concepts |
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| describes how a particular sequence of actions leads to a particular result |
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| asks readers consider, adopt, and act upon your opinion about the subject |
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| follows the eye (or ear) to show relative position, proximity |
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| places events according to a time sequence |
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| arranges by increasing/decreasing familiarity, specificity, complexity, importance, or tension |
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| arranges ideas by theory/application, cause/effect, necessity, or correlation |
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| (topic; claim 1, details, commentary; claim 2, details, commentary; So What?) |
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| (subject, verb & auxiliaries, direct and indirect objects, complements, articles; phrases, clauses) |
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| simple, compound, complex, compound-complex |
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| variety reduces choppiness, boredom; can be used to emphasize key ideas or complexity |
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| aka "loose"; begins w/ independent subject-verb, then adds elements to amplify, explain |
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| begins with phrases, subordinate clauses; not complete until the end, where subject-verb appears |
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| a word's extra-definitional feel - exotic/familiar. simple/complex, visceral/intellectual; its "shape" |
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| poetic, academic, journalistic, personal/informal, slang |
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| not the same as slang, regionally or culturally "correct" spoken English |
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