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An argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, to feeling rather than intellect.
*Attacking the arguer rather than the argument |
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The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning
Ex: Beloved represents slavery |
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| The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words |
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| A direct or indirect reference to something that is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art |
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| The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage |
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| A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them |
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| The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. |
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A figure of speech involving a seeming contradiction of ideas, words, clauses, or sentences within a balanced grammatical structure.
Ex: "too black for heaven, too white for hell." |
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| A terse statement of known authorship that expresses a general truth or moral principle |
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| A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction, such as liberty or love Ex: "Oh Gary why did you have to go!?" |
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| The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. |
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| A representation, especially pictorial or literary, in which the subject's distinctive features are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. |
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A rhetorical figure in which two clauses are related to each other through a reversal of terms
ex: "ask not what you're country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country." |
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A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb
*Independent: can stand on it's own
Ex: "...my AP scores were high"
*Dependent: cannot stand on it's own
Ex: "Because I studied hard..." |
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Slang or informality in speech or writing
*give work a conversational, familiar tone |
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| A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. |
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| The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning |
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| The strict, literal dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color |
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Related to style, diction refers to the writers word choices
*combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, and so on, create an author's style |
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| Didactic works often have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles. |
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| A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts. |
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| A metaphor developed at great length, occuring frequently in or throughout a work. |
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| Figurative language (figure of speech) |
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| Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. |
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| Traditions for each genre; diffrentiate between an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing |
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| The major category into which a literary work fits. |
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| Includes any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice |
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| A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. |
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| The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. |
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| To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented |
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| An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language |
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| The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant |
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| Placing dissimilar items, descriptions, or ideas close together or side by side, especially for comparison and contrast. |
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| Loose sentence (periodic sentence) |
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| A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. |
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| A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. |
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A figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.
Ex: "the white house"is another phrase often used when referring to the president |
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| Literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. |
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| The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events |
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A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.
Ex: buzz, hum, crack |
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| A figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. |
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| A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense, but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. |
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| Ex: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness..." |
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| A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. |
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| An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish. |
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| A figure of speech in which the author presents of describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. |
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Perspective from which a story is told.
*First person: tells a story with the first person pronoun "I"
*Third person: "he" "she" "it" |
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An adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb
ex: He is tall, dark, and handsome |
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A noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject.
Ex: Abe Lincoln was a man of integrity. |
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| Anything that isn't poetry or drama. |
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| The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern. |
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| The principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively. |
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The persusive device by which a writer tries to sway the audience's attention and response to any given work.
Logos: logical reasoning
Ethos: credibility
Pathos: emotional appeal |
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Exposition: explains and analyzes information
Argumentation: prove the validity of an idea
Description: visually present a person, place, event, etc. so that the reader can picture that being described
Narration: tell a story a narrate a series of events |
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| A question that is asked merely for effect and does not expect a reply. |
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| Involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. |
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| A work that targets human vices and follies, or social institutions and conventions, for reform or ridicule. |
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| An explicit comparison, normally using "like" "as" or "if" |
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| An evaluation of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices |
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| The word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it. |
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| A clause that cannot stand alone; usually begins with "although" "because" "unless" "if" etc. |
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A deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises - the first one called "major" and the second "minor" - that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.
Ex:
*Major - all men are mortal
*Minor - Socrates is a man
*Conclusion - Therefore, Socrates is a mortal |
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| Latin for "it doesn't follow." Ex: "Our nation will prevail because God is great. But nearly every nation pretends this is true." |
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| Anything that represents or stands for something else |
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The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.
*Syntax refers to groups of words, diction refers to individual words. |
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| The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. |
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| In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, and proposition. |
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| Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both. |
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| A word or phrase that links different ideas. |
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also called assuming the answer (e.g., We
must institute the death penalty to discourage violent crime. But does the
violent crime rate in fact fall when the death penalty is imposed?) |
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The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it really is.
*Litotes: a figure of speech by which an affirmation is made indirectly by denying it's opposite
Ex: "he was not averse to drink"
*Meiosis: a rhetorical figure by which something is reffered to in terms less important than it really deserves
ex: Black knight in Monty Python - "It's just a flesh wound!" |
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| Intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. |
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