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| The repetition of the same sounds or letters at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables. |
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| An indirect reference, often to another text or an historic event. |
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| An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things. |
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| The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses. |
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| A short account of an interesting event. |
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| Explanatory or critical notes added to a text. |
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| The noun to which a later pronoun refers |
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| The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast. |
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| Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas. (Note: the rhetorical strategy is slightly different from the dictionary definition, which is “opposite.”) |
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| A short, astute statement of a general truth. |
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| A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun. |
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| The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language. |
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| A statement set forth and supported by evidence. |
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| A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (this is another name for the rhetorical triangle.) |
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| An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument. |
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| A belief or statement taken for granted without proof. |
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| Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, and clauses |
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| The speaker’s position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone |
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| One’s listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed. |
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| a reliable, respected source |
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| Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but. |
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| Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning |
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| That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word's literal meaning |
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| A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding. |
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| A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least on dependent clause. |
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| Shared beliefs, values, or position. |
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| An informal or conversational use of language. |
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| A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text. |
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| An assertion, usually supported by evidence. |
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| Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source. |
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| A challenge to a position; an opposing argument |
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| Worthy of belief; trustworthy. |
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| An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail. |
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| A sentence that makes a statement. |
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| Reasoning from general to specific. |
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| The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition. |
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| A double-column journal in which one writes a quotation in one column and reflections on that quotation in the other column. |
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| Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing. |
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| Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone. |
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| A greek term referring to the character of a person. |
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| Explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all of its constituent parts, including the literary devices used, also called close reading |
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| Information that is true or demonstrable |
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| the use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect |
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| an expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning |
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| A word, phrase or clause that does not form a full sentence |
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| urging, or strongly encouraging |
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| exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis. |
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| Vivid use of language that evokes a reader's senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing) |
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| a sentence that requests or commands. |
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| reasoning from specific to general |
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| a sentence in which the verb precedes the subject |
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| A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result. |
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| Placement of two things side by side for emphasis. |
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| A Greek term that means “word”; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos) . |
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| A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison. |
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| Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole. |
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| A word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause. |
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| Retelling an event or series of events. |
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| Turning a verb or adjective into a noun. |
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| An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing. |
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| An all-knowing, usually third-person narrator. |
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| A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms. |
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| The relative speed or slowness with which a story is told or an idea is presented. |
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| A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true. |
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| The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns. |
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| A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule. |
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| A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos). |
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| A sentence that builds toward and ends with the main clause. |
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| the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing. |
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| assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects. |
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| an argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion. |
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| the deliberate use of a series of conjunctions. |
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| a word used to replace a noun or noun phrase. |
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| a negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information. |
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| one’s intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing. |
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| to discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument. |
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| the study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle, use of the “available means of persuasion.” |
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| patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation. |
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Definition
| question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer. |
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| a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle). |
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| an ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it. |
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| a pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect. |
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Definition
| the arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. |
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| using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect. |
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| a figure of speech that uses “like” or “as” to compare two things. |
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| a statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause. |
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| a book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information. |
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| a term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing. |
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| A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent’s position. |
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| The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech |
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| In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing. |
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| Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause. |
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| The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence. |
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| A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise. |
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Definition
Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise.
Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded.
Minor premise: All horses are mammals.
Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded |
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| Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce something more complex. |
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| The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer. |
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| The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer. |
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| A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit. |
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| The speaker’s attitude toward the subject or audience. |
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| A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph’s idea and often unites it with the work’s thesis. |
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| Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure of speech. |
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| Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect. |
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| In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing. |
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| A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs—often in different, sometimes incongruent ways—two or more words in a sentence. |
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