Term
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Definition
-Composed of plasma and formed elements
-Complex transport medium that performs vital pickup and delivery services for the body
-Keystone of body’s heat-regulating mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
varies according to age, body type, sex, and method of measurement;
Young adult male has approximately ___ of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 unit of blood is approximately ____ liter; 1 unit is ____ of blood volume |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Have no nucleus and shaped like tiny biconcave disks
-Cannot reproduce!
-Do not contain ribosomes, mitochondria, or other organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary component of RBC's |
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Term
-Critical role in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide depends on hemoglobin
-Carbonic anhydrase: enzyme in RBCs that catalyzes a reaction that joins carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid
-Carbonic acid: dissociates and generates bicarbonate ions, which diffuse out of the RBC and transport carbon dioxide in the blood plasma |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Within each RBC are approximately ____ molecules of hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
-Composed of four globin chains, each attached to a heme group
-Males have greater amount |
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Term
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Definition
| Hemoglobin is able to unite with four oxygen molecules to form _____ to allow RBCs to transport oxygen where it is needed |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in number or volume of functional RBCs in a given unit of whole blood |
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Term
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Definition
| entire process of RBC formation |
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Term
| Formation begins in the red bone marrow as hematopoietic stem cells and goes through several stages of development to become erythrocytes; entire maturation process requires approximately 4 days |
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Definition
| Basic process of Erythropoiesis |
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Term
100 million
homeostatic mechanisms
feedback loop |
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Definition
-RBCs are created and destroyed at approximately ____ per minute in an adult; _____ operate to balance the number of cells formed against the number of cells destroyed;
Maintained through ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Life span of a circulating RBC averages |
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Term
-Macrophage cells phagocytose the aged, abnormal, or fragmented RBCs
-Hemoglobin is broken down and amino acids, iron, and bilirubin are released |
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Definition
| Destruction of RBCs process |
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Term
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| approximately 65% of total WBC count in a normal blood sample; highly mobile and active phagocytic cells; capable of diapedesis; cytoplasmic granules contain lysosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| 2% to 5% of circulating WBCs; numerous in lining of respiratory and digestive tracts; weak phagocytes; capable of ingesting inflammatory chemicals and proteins associated with antigen-antibody reaction complexes; provide protection against infections caused by parasitic worms and allergic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| only 0.5% to 1% of circulating WBCs; motile and capable of diapedesis; cytoplasmic granules contain histamine and heparin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| smallest of the WBCs; second most numerous WBC; account for approximately 25% of circulating WBCs; T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes have an important role in immunity: T lymphocytes directly attack an infected or cancerous cell, and B lymphocytes produce antibodies against specific antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| largest leukocytes; mobile and highly phagocytic cells for bacteria and foreign substances |
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Term
5000 to 9000
change with certain abnormal conditions |
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Definition
| 1 mm3 of normal blood usually contains _____ leukocytes, with different percentages for each type; WBC numbers have clinical significance because they _____ |
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Term
-Granular and agranular leukocytes mature from the undifferentiated hematopoietic stem cell
-Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and a few lymphocytes and monocytes originate in red bone marrow; most lymphocytes and monocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells in lymphatic tissue |
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Definition
| Formation of WBCs Process |
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Term
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Definition
-In circulating blood
-Small, pale bodies that appear as irregular spindles or oval disks
-Three important properties are agglutination, adhesiveness, and aggregation |
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Term
250,000/mm3
150,000 to 400,000/mm3 |
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Definition
| Platelet counts in adults average ____ of blood; normal range is _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Important role in hemostasis and blood coagulation; secondary role in defending against bacterial attacks |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to stoppage of blood flow; however, if injury is extensive, the blood-clotting mechanism is activated to assist |
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Term
-One to five seconds after injury to vessel wall, platelets adhere to damaged endothelial lining and to each other, forming a platelet plug
-Temporary platelet plug is an important step in hemostasis
-Normal platelets (positive charge) adhere to damaged capillary wall and underlying collagen fibers, both of which have a negative charge (collagen acts as attractant for the platelets)
-“Sticky platelets” form physical plug and secrete several chemicals involved in the coagulation process |
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Definition
| Platelet plug formation process |
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Term
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Definition
| formed in red bone marrow, lungs, and spleen by fragmentation of megakaryocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Named for antigens on RBC membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| known as universal recipient |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Rh antigen is present on the RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| RBCs have no Rh antigen present |
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Term
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Definition
| can appear in Rh-negative blood if it has come in contact with Rh-positive RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| liquid part of blood; clear, straw-colored fluid; composed of 90% water and 10% solutes |
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Term
| Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen |
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Definition
| 6% to 8% of plasma solutes are proteins, consisting of three main compounds. What are they? |
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Term
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Definition
| help maintain osmotic balance of the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| essential component of the immunity mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| key role in blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
-Have an essential role in maintaining normal blood circulation
-Due to osmotic pressure they are able to maintain in circulation |
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Term
| to stop bleeding and prevent loss of vital body fluid in a swift and sure method |
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Definition
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Term
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin |
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Definition
Classic theory of coagulation advanced in 1905
Identified four components critical to coagulation which are... |
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Term
Stage 1: production of thromboplastin
Stage 2: conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Stage 3: conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and production of fibrin clot |
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Definition
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Term
Chemicals released from damaged tissues (extrinsic pathway)
Chemicals present in the blood (intrinsic pathway) |
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Definition
| production of thromboplastin activated by either of the following |
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Term
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Definition
| Clot formation in ____ is opposed |
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Term
-Perfectly smooth surface of the normal endothelial lining of blood vessels does not allow platelets to adhere
-Antithrombins |
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Definition
| Several factors oppose clotting |
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Term
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Definition
| substances in the blood that oppose or inactivate thrombin; prevent thrombin from converting fibrinogen to fibrin |
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Term
-Rough spot in the endothelium
-Abnormally slow blood flow |
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Definition
| Conditions that hasten clotting |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological mechanism that dissolves clots |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme in the blood that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fibrin, causing it to dissolve |
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Term
| direct or indirect help from blood |
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Definition
| No organ or system of the body can maintain proper levels of nutrients, gases, or water without |
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Term
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Definition
| assist in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| assist in the defense mechanisms of the whole body |
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Term
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Definition
| prevent loss of the fluid that constitutes the internal environment |
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Term
| maintain fluid balance in the internal environment and immunity |
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Definition
| Two most important functions of the lymphatic system |
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Term
| to collect absorbed fat from the intestines and transport it to the systemic veins |
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Definition
| Third function of the lymphatic system is |
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Term
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Definition
| act as drains to collect excess tissue fluid and return it to the venous blood just before it returns to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| component of the circulatory system; composed of lymph, lymphatic vessels, and isolated structures containing lymphoid tissue: lymph nodes, aggregated lymphoid nodules, tonsils, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow |
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Term
| fluid, proteins, fats, and other substances |
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Definition
| Lymphatic system transports tissue ___, ___, ____, & ____ to the general circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| begin blindly in the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues; do not form a closed circuit |
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Term
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Definition
-Clear, watery fluid found in the lymphatic vessels
-Closely resembles blood plasma in composition but has a lower percentage of protein; isotonic |
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Term
| liver and small intestine |
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Definition
| Elevated protein concentration in thoracic duct lymph because of protein-rich lymph from the |
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Term
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Definition
-Complex, organized fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and is part of the extracellular matrix
-Resembles blood plasma in composition with a lower percentage of protein
-Along with blood plasma, constitutes the extracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| microscopic blind-end vessels where lymphatic vessels originate; wall consists of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells; networks branch and anastomose freely |
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Term
| main lymphatic trunks, the right lymphatic ducts, and the thoracic duct |
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Definition
| Lymphatic capillaries merge to form larger lymphatics and eventually form the ___, ___, & ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymph from upper right quadrant empties into right lymphatic duct and then into |
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Term
left subclavian vein
cisterna chyli (chyle cistern) |
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Definition
| Lymph from rest of the body empties into the thoracic duct, which then drains into the ___; thoracic duct originates as the ___ |
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Term
| have thinner walls, have more valves, and contain lymph nodes |
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Definition
| lymphatic vessels are similar to veins except lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| thin, flat endothelial cells |
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Definition
| Lymphatic capillary wall is formed by a single layer of |
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Term
-Remove high-molecular-weight substances and particulate matter from interstitial spaces
-Lacteals absorb fats and other nutrients from the small intestine |
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Definition
| 2 functions of lymphatic vessels |
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Term
| internal jugular and subclavian veins |
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Definition
| From lymphatic capillaries, lymph flows through progressively larger lymphatic vessels to reenter blood at the junction of the |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement (flow) of lymph; can be visualized in a lymphangiogram |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymph moves through the system in the right direction because of the large number of |
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Term
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Definition
| Breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions establish a ___, as with venous blood |
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Term
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Definition
| activities that result in a central flow of lymph |
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Term
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Definition
-oval-shaped structures enclosed by a fibrous capsule
-type of biological filter |
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Term
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Definition
| extend from the covering capsule of lymph nodes toward the center of the node |
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Term
| Cortical and medullary sinuses |
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Definition
| are lined with reticuloendothelial cells capable of phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymph nodes perform two distinct functions- |
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Term
| filtration and phagocytosis |
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Definition
| 2 defense mechanisms of lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| physically stopping particles from progressing further in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| reticuloendothelial cells remove microorganisms and other injurious particles from lymph and phagocytose them (biological filtration) |
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Term
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Definition
| biologic activity of cells destroys and removes particles |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphoid tissue is the site for the final stages of maturation of some lymphocytes and monocytes |
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Term
| Lymphatic drainage of the breast |
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Definition
| Clinically important because cancer cells and infections can spread along lymphatic pathways to lymph nodes and other organs of the body |
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Term
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Definition
-Drained by two sets of lymphatic vessels
1. Lymphatics that drain the skin over the breast with the exception of the areola and nipple
2. Lymphatics that drain the underlying substance of the breast, as well as the skin of the areola and nipple |
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Term
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Definition
| located under the areola surrounding the nipple; where communication between the cutaneous plexus and large lymphatics that drain the secretory tissue and ducts of the breast occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| More than 85% of the lymph from the breast enters the lymph nodes of the |
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Term
| lateral edges of the sternum |
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Definition
| Remainder of breast tissue lymph enters lymph nodes along the |
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Term
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Definition
| Form a broken ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and back of the throat—the pharyngeal lymphoid ring |
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Term
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Definition
| located on each side of the throat |
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Term
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Definition
| located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| located near the base of the tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| located near the openings of the auditory (eustachian) tubes |
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Term
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Definition
| Protect against bacteria that may invade tissues around the openings between the nasal and oral cavities; bacteria are trapped in tonsillar crypts and put in close contact with immune system cells |
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Term
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Definition
-Primary central organ of lymphatic system
-Single, unpaired organ located in the mediastinum, extending upward to the lower edge of the thyroid and inferiorly as far as the fourth costal cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| pinkish gray in childhood; with advancing age, becomes yellowish as lymphoid tissue is replaced by fat |
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Term
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Definition
-Pyramid-shaped lobes are subdivided into small lobules
-Each lobule is composed of a dense cellular cortex and an inner, less-dense medulla |
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Term
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Definition
| Medullary tissue of the thymus can be identified by presence of |
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Term
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Definition
-Plays vital role in immunity mechanism
-Source of lymphocytes before birth
-Shortly after birth, secretes thymosin and other regulators, which enables lymphocytes to develop into T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| enables lymphocytes to develop into T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| in the left hypochondrium, directly below the diaphragm, above the left kidney and descending colon and behind the fundus of the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
-Ovoid in shape
-Surrounded by fibrous capsule with inward extensions that divide the organ into compartments
-White and Red pulp |
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Term
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Definition
| dense masses of developing lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| near outer regions, composed of a network of fine reticular fibers submerged in blood that comes from nearby arterioles; composed of cords of white blood cells and related cells surrounded by sinusoids |
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Term
Hematopoiesis
Defense
RBC/platelet destruction
Blood reservoir |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| macrophages lining the sinusoids of the spleen remove microorganisms from the blood and phagocytose them |
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Term
| Spleen hematopoiesis function |
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Definition
| monocytes and lymphocytes complete their development in the spleen |
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Term
| Spleen RBC/platelet destruction |
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Definition
| macrophages remove worn-out red blood cells and imperfect platelets and destroy them by phagocytosis; also salvage iron and globin from destroyed red blood cells |
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Term
| Spleen as blood reservoir |
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Definition
| pulp of spleen and its sinuses store blood– probably about 1 unit of blood– if you have acute blood loss this could empty out quickly to help restore circulating blood volume |
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Term
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Definition
| Organs with lymphocytes appear before birth and grow until |
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Term
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Definition
| lymphatic system organs ___ through late adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
| develops early, remains intact– maintains shape/function into old age |
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Term
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Definition
-Deficiency permits risk of infection and cancer
-Hypersensitivity: likelihood of autoimmune conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ drains away excess water from large areas |
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Term
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Definition
| benefits the whole body by maintaining fluid balance and freedom from disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood is ___% of total body weight |
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Term
Intracellular- in cell cytoplasm
Extracellular- in vessels/space between cells |
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Definition
of the total body fluids,
2/3's is ____
1/3 is ____ |
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