Term
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Definition
| Body sac or tube, often having specialized regions where food is ingested, digested, and absorbed, and undigested residues expelled. |
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Term
| Incomplete Digestive System |
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Definition
| Food enters and wastes leave a saclike gut through a single opening at the body surface. (One opening) |
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Term
| Complete Digestive System |
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Definition
| A tube that has a mouth (an opening at one end for food intake) and an anus (an opening at the other end for eliminating unabsorbed residues). The tube is divided into specialized food processing and storage regions. (Two openings) |
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Term
| Mechanical Processing And Motility |
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Definition
| Movements that break up, mix, and directionally propel food material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Release of substances, especially digestive enzymes, into the lumen-the space inside the tube. |
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Definition
| Breakdown of food particles, then to nutrient molecules small enough to be absorbed. |
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Definition
| Uptake of digested nutriets and water across the tube wall, into extracellular fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expulsion, from the end of the gut, of undigested and unabsorbed reidues. |
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Definition
| Hoofed, herbivorous mammals that have multiple stomach chambers in which cellulose is slowly digested |
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Definition
| Entrance to the system; food is moistened and chewed; polysaccharide digestion starts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Entrance to tubular part of system (and to respiratory system); tubular entrance to the esophagus and trachea; moves forward by contracting seqentially. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscular, saliva-moistened tube that moves food from pharynx to stomach; contraction propel the food down this muscular tube. |
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Definition
| Muscular sac; stretches to store food taken in faster than can be processed; gastric fluid mixes with food and kills many pathogens; protein difestion starts. Secretes ghrelin, an appetite stimulator. |
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Term
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Definition
| First part (duodenum, C-shaped, about 10 inches long) receives secretions from liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. In second part (jejunum, about 3 feet long), most nutrients are digested and absorbed. Third part (ileum, 6-7 feet long) absorbs some nutrients; delivers unabsorbed material to large intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| The colon. Concentrates and stores undigested matter by absorbing mineral ions, water; about 5 feet long. Divided into ascending, transverse, and descending portions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distension stimulates expulsion of feces. |
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Term
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Definition
| End of system; terminal opening through which feces are expelled. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glands (three main pairs, many minor ones) that secrete saliva, a fluid with polysaccharide-digesting enzymes, buffers, and mucous (which moistens food and lubricates it). |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes bile (for emulsifying fat); roles in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stores and concentrates bile that the liver secretes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes enzymes that break down all major food molecules; secretes buffers against HCl from the stomach. Secretes insulin, a hormonal control of glucose metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The gastrointestinal tract from the stomach outward. A sac or tube in which food is digested. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ring of smooth muscles at some point along a tube or at one of its openings. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hardened appendage uses to cut, shred, pierce, or pummel food. |
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Term
| Where Does Carbohydrate Breakdown Start? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where Does Protein Breakdown Start? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Extremely acidic mixture of secretions from the stomach lining; contains mucous, hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsinogens, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mix of salts, cholesterol, and pigments made by the liver and used in fat digestion. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the gut, the coating of fat droplets with bile salts so that fats remain suspended in chyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| An oscillating movement produced by rings of circular muscle in the tube wall;the rings contract in this fashion |
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Term
| Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) |
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Definition
| SLows the contraction of intestinal muscles and increases cellular uptake of glucose by calling for insulin secretion. |
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Term
| Carbohydrate Digestion Enzymes |
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Definition
-Salivary amylase from salivary glands; active in the mouth and stomach; substrate=polysaccharides; main breakdown product=disaccharides
-Pancreatoc amylase from the pancreas; active in the small intestine; substrate=polysaccharides; main breakdown product=disaccharides
-Disaccharides from the intestinal lining; active in the small intestine; substrate=disaccharides; main breakdown product=monosaccharides (like glucose) |
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Term
| Protein Digestion Enzymes |
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Definition
-Pepsins in the stomach lining; active in the stomach; substrate=proteins; main breakdown products=protein fragments
-Trypsin and chymotrypsin in the pancreas; active in the small intestine; substrate=proteins; main breakdown product=protein fragments
-Carboxypeptidase in the pancreas; active in the samll intestine; substrate=protein fragments; main breakdown products=amino acids
-Aminopeptidase in the intestinal lining; active in the samll intestine; substrate=protein fragments; main breakdown products=amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipase in the pancreas; active in the small intestine; substrate=triglycerides; main brakdown products=free fatty acids, monoglycerides) |
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Term
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Definition
-Pancreatic nucleases in the pancres; active in the small intestine; substrate=DNA and RNA, main breakdown product=nucleotide bases, and monosaccharides
-Intestinal nucleases in intestinal lining; active in the small intestine; substrate=nucleotides; main breakdown = product=nucleotide bases, monosaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| Slender extensions from free surface of certain cells; arrays of many microvilli greatly increase the absorptive or secretory surface area of a cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fingerlike absorptive structures projecting from th free surface of some epithelia; e.g., the profusion of intestinal villi. |
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Term
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Definition
| The combining of bile salts with fatty acids into tiny droplets. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Of the vertebrate gut, the volume of undigested material in the small intestine that can't be decreased by absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, narrow outpouching from the cecum, vulnerable to infection; contain bacteria-fighting white blood cells. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Small projections from the colon wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| The disposition of glucose and other organic compounds in the body as a whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any fatty acid that an organism can't synthesize for itslef and must obtain from food. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any amino acid that an organism can't synthesize for itslef and must obtain from food. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any organic substance that an organism requires in trace amounts for metabolism but that it generally can't synthesize for itself. Many coenzymes function as vitamins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Element or inorganic compund required for normal cell functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecular fragment-an atom or a group of atoms that has an unpaired electron. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having an excessive amount of fat in adipose tissue; calcoric intake has exceeded the body's energy output. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in synthesis of visual pigments, bone, teeth; maintains epithelia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Counters effects of free radicals; helps maitain cell membranes; blocks breakdown of vitamins A and C in gut. |
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Term
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Definition
| Promotes bone growth and mineralization; enhances calcium absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood clotting; ATP formation via electron transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coenzyme in fat, glycogen formation and in amino acid metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone, tooth formation; blood clotting; neural and muscle action. |
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Term
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Definition
| HCl formation in the stomach; contributes to body's acid-base balance; neural action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in synthesis in melanin; hemoglobin, and some transport chain components. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Thyroid hormone function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of hemoglobin and cytochrome (transport chain component). |
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Term
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Definition
| Coenzyme role in ATP-ADP cycle; roles in muscle, nerve function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Component of bone, teeth, nucleic acids, ATP, phospholipids. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle and neural function; roles in protein synthesis and body's acid-base balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Key role in body's salt-water balance; roles in muscle and neural function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Component of body proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Component of digestive enzymes; roles in normal growth, wound healing, sperm formation, and taste and smell. |
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