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| Multicelled heterotrophs that ingest other organisms or some portion of them. Most are motile, reproduce sexually and asexually, and their embryos grow and develop through a series of orderly stages. They make ATP by aerobic respiration, are unwalled, and they form tissues and organs. |
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| A sheetlike array of cells that covers the body surface or lines an inner cavity or a tube. |
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| It is the most abundant type of animal tissue. Soft connective tissues differ in the amounts and arrangements of fibroblasts, fibers, ground substance. Specialized types include adipose, cartilage, bone, and blood tissues. |
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| The start of the outer part of the epidermis and the nervous system. |
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| The start of the gut's inner lining and organs derived from it. |
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| A third primary tissue layer that forms between the other two (ectoderm and endoderm) that gives rise to many internal organs. |
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| Slender extension from free surface of certain cells; arrays of many of these greatly increase the absorptive or secretory surface area of a cell. |
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| Single-celled eukaryote having having a microvilli collar around a single flagellum at their anterior end. A sister taxon of animals and fungi. |
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| Animals that have a front-to-back axis, with an anterior or leading end and a posterior end. |
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| Animals that have body parts organized around their main axis. These animals live in water and their body allows them to capture food swimming or drifting towards them from any direction. |
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| Animals that have equivalent right and left halves along the main body axis. Some have a ventral and a dorsal surface. |
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| During the evolution of most kinds of animals, the increasing concentration of sensory structures and nerve cells at the anterior end of the body. |
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| The first opening that appears on an embryo's surface becomes the mouth. Examples are flatworms, mollusks, annelids, roundworms, and anrthropods. |
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| The first opening that appears on an embryo's surface becomes the anus. Examples include echinoderms and chordates. |
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| A type of body cavity between the gut and body wall that has a lining, called a peritoneum, derived from mesoderm. It is a fluid filled cavity that protect organs. |
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| A series of units that may or may not be similar in appearance. Examples are annelids, arthropods, and vertebrates. |
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| The simplest existing animal. It has an asymmetrical body that has a spicule-reinforced matrix in 2 cell layers. Its phagocytic collar cells trap food from water flowing through pores in its wall. |
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| A free-living, sexually immature stage in the development of many kinds of animals, one that precedes the adult form. |
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| An asymmetric, soft-bodied animal with 2 simple tissues around a thin, inner matrix. |
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| One of a diverse collection of tiny multicelled precambrian species having a highly flattened body, sometimes with many unspecialized segments. |
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| A type of radial invertebrate having epithelial tissues and a saclike gut. It is the only animal that makes nematocysts. |
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| A fluid-filled, jack-in-the-box capsule housed in one of three types of sensory-effector cells in cnidarians. It has a mechanoreceptor projecting above the cell surface and a dischargeable, tubular thread, often with barbs or toxin-drenched. Only cnidarians make these. |
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| Long, flexible, prey-capturing extensions of an animal body. |
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| A buoyant, deformable skeleton. Means "middle glue". Contractile cells work against it to squeeze water out from under a medusa and drive it forward. |
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| Structural units of 2 or more tissues that develop in predictable patterns and that interact in one or more tasks. |
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| A set of organs that are interacting chemically, physically, or both in a common task. |
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| One of the simplest existing animals with organ systems that form from 3 primary tissue layers. |
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| An organism that withdraws nutrients from a living host, which it usually does not kill outright. |
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| A muscular tube that invertebrate chordates use in filter-feeding and respiration. |
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| A distinct cluster of cell bodies of neurons. |
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| One of many tapeworm body units that bud behind the scolex. |
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| A bilateral invertebrate having a highly segmented body; major groups are polychaetes, oligochaetes, and leeches. Except in leeches, segments have clusters of chitin-reinforced bristles. |
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| Decaying particles of organic matter. |
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| Of bilateral animals, a line of communication, usually paired, that runs parallel with the anterior-posterior axis. In large or long invertebrates, it often has one or more large axons. In chordates, it develops as a hollow, neural tube that gives rise to the spinal cord and brain. |
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| Many of the water-regulating units that help control the composition and volume of tissue fluid. |
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| Bilateral, cephalized animal with a false coelom and a crown of cilia. |
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| The only invertebrate with a mantle draped over a soft, fleshy visceral mass; most have an external or internal shell. Examples include gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods. |
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| A tissue draped over the visceral mass of a mollusk. |
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| A drastic twisting of the body, including the visceral mass, as certain molluscan embryos develop. |
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| A soft-bodied mollusk with a closed circulatory system. Moves by jet propulsion of water from a siphon. Examples include octopuses, squids, and chambered nautilus. |
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| Type of invertebrate having a hardened exoskeleton and specialized segments with jointed appendages. Examples include millipedes, spiders, lobsters, insects. |
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| An external skeleton; a hardened cuticle. |
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| Periodic shedding of worn-out or too-small body structures. Permits an animal to grow in size or renew parts. |
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| Major changes in body form of certain animals. Hormonally controlled growth, tissue reorganization, and remodeling of body parts leads to adult form. |
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| Most of these animals are free-living, aquatic arthropods. Examples include crabs, lobsters, crayfish, and shrimp. |
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| One of many small tubes that help insects on land dispose of toxic wastes without losing body water. |
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| Examples are mites, spiders, beetles, scorpions, and mosquitoes. |
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| One of the protosomes; a radial invertebrate with some bilateral features and calcified spines or plates on the body wall. Example is sea stars. |
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| A system of tube feet connected to canals, through which controlled water flow can extend the feet in coordinated ways. |
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