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| Subcellular units, little organs too small to be seen with a light microscope |
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| DNA is concentrated, but not in a true nucleus. They are smaller than Eukaryotic cells and do not have the membrane bound organelles |
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| Has a true, membrane bound nucleus and organelles. Larger than Prokaryotes |
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| A selective barrier which allows passage of oxygen, nutrients and wastes. |
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| Chemical exchange and surface area |
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| Cells require a surface area sufficient to allow for the transport of materials necessary for cell metabolism. Larger organisms have MORE cells, not larger ones. |
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| Participate in cell metabolism, enzymes are built into these membranes. Each type has unique proteins in a phospholipid bilayer |
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| Contains the genetic material enclosed in a bilayer membrane. |
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| The bilayer membrane which surrounds the nucleus and separates its contents from the cytoplasm. Has pores for passage of materials out of the nucleus. |
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| An intricate protein structure at the nuclear pores which regulates the passage of large macromolecules and particles into and out of the nucleus. |
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| A netlike array of protein filaments which lines the interior side of the nuclear envelope fo structural support |
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| A framework of protein fibers throughout the nucleus to maintain nuclear shape and possibly function in organizing genetic material. |
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| A complex of proteins and DNA. Thin and threadlike until it begins to coil prior to cell division. |
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| Made up of chromatin. Form prior to cell division. Humans have 46 in somatic cells and 23 in their haploid sex cells. |
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| A mass of densely packed granules and fibers. Synthesizes ribosomal RNA which joins proteins from the cytoplasm to form the large and small subunits of the ribosomes |
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| rRNA and proteins make up this 2 part organelle which carry out protein synthesis. Can be bound to ER or loose in the cytosol. |
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| Generally make proteins for membrane insertion, packging within organelles or for export from the cell. |
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| Make proteins which function in the cytosol |
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| Synthesizes proteins then transports them into membranes and organelles or out of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids and detoxification of toxins. Includes the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes, Vacuole and Plasma membrane. |
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| Sacs made of membrane, carry out a variety of functions, used in transporting materials separate from the cytosol. |
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| Accounts for more than half the total membrane in most Eukaryotic cells. A network of tubules and sacs called cisternae. Interior is called the lumen or cisternal space. Continuous with the nuclear envelope. Two distinct, but connected kinds, smooth and rough. |
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| No ribosomes attached. Synthesis of lipids (oils, phospholipids, steroids), Detxifies drugs by adding a hydroxyl group, responsible for drug tolerance. Stores Calcium ions important in muscle contractions. |
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| Has Ribosomes attached which create the polypeptide chain or primary protein structure. As the chain is made it enters the ER lumen where it folds into its native shape. Most are glycoproteins which have associated carbohydrates attached by the ER. these are transported in vesicles. Also, makes membranes for the cell. |
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| Vesicles which transport materials from one part of the cell to another. |
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| Products from the ER are modified and stored before being sent to other parts of the cell or out of the cell. Made up of flattened, membranous sacs, called cisternae. Stacks have polarity a cis and a trans face. Cis receives from the ER by way of transport vesicles. The Trans face pinches off and forms a vesicle for transport. the ER ptoducts are modified while in the Golgi lumen such as adding carbohydrates to glycoproteins. It also makes certain macromolecules. the membranes of the cisterae have unique proteins for the varying functions they perform. |
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| How does the Golgi Complex make sure the product in its vesicles get to the right place? |
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| They tag the vesicle with things like phosphate groups and other membrane proteins. |
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| A membranous sac with hydrolytic enzymes used to digest old organelles autophagy) and macromolecules. The enzymes here are functional at a different pH than that of the cytosol to prevent problems should one break open. Phagocytosis occurs here when the lysosome engulfs nutrients for digestion or, as in the case with white blood cells, virus or bacteria cells. |
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| When Lysosomes digest old organelles or other cellular organic material. |
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| Formed by phagocytosis. The engulfing of food particles by a lysosome. |
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| Common in freshwater protists which move by pumping excess water out of the cell. |
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| In plant cells, enclosed by a membrane called the Tonoplast. Formed by collecting smaller vacuoles derived from the ER and Golgi. It serves as storage for organic compounds and inorganic ions. Can also be for waste disposal. Allow the cell to get larger by gaining fluid . |
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| Converts energy to a form the cell can use. Sites of cellular respiration and metabolic processes which create ATP with the help of oxygen. Membrane enclosed but NOT part of the endomembrane system. Has its own DNA. Internal membrane has folds to increase surface area called cristae. |
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| The interior membrane of mitochondria. They increase the surface area where the metabolic activities of the organelle happen. Encloses the mitochondrial matrix. |
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| Enclosed by the cristae or internal mitochondrial membrane. It contains the mitochondrial DNA, enzymes and ribosomes. |
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| Only in plants and algae. Perform photosynthesis which converts sunlight energy into chemical energy. Membrane bound. interior structures include plastids, thylakoids, granum and stroma. |
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| Amyloplasts, the colorless plastids in starches like roots and tubers (potatoes), chromoplasts such as flowers that contain pigemtns seen in petals and chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll. |
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| Flattened, interconnected sacs. The site of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis |
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| The fluid outside the thylakoids which contains the chloroplasts DNA, enzymes and ribosomes. |
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| A single membrane bound metabolic compartment. They have enzymes which transfer a H from a substrate to oxygen. This produces hydrogen peroxide. Some break down fatty acids for transport to the mitochondria. In the liver they detoxify alcohol. While the hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 is itself toxic, the organelle can convert it into water. They do not bud from the endomembrane system but grow due to proteins made in the cytosol, lipids made in the ER and in the peroxisome itself. |
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| Made up of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. For cellular structure, support, motility and regulation. It provides anchorage for organelles, it is always changing. Important in cilia and flagella for motility. Important in muscle cells and in forming a "monorail" system for neurotransmitters. |
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| Work with the cytoskeleton to facilitate movement of the cell or in cilia and/or flagella. |
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| Found in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Hollow rods or tubes made from the globular protein tubulin. They shape and support the cell. They also guide secretory vesicles from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. Also imprtant in cell division. In many cells they grow out of an area called the centrosome. |
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| Where, in the cell, the microtubles may grow out of. |
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| Within the centrosome of animal cells. They replicate prior to cell division. |
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| A dimer made up of alpha and beta polypeptide subunits. The microtubule grown in length by adding these dimers. |
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| In Eukaryotes, specialized arrangements of microtubules such as on sperm cells. Also in some unicellular organisms for motility. |
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| Like flagella. Locomotor appendages made of microtubules. In lung tissue and as locomotion in some single cell organisms. |
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| Anchors the cilia or flagella to a cell. identical in strucutre to a centriole In fact, the basal body of sperm cells is thought to become the centriole of the fertilized cell. |
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| Polypeptide arm responsible for the back and forth motion of the cilia and flagella. |
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| A globular protein. The sub-units in microfilaments. |
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| Made up of a twisted double chain of actin sub-units. Form a three dimensional network which function in the cytoskeleton to bear tension or pulling forces. Important in the contractile function of muscle cells. |
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| Thicker protein filaments in muscle cells. Motor proteins which "walk" along the actin fibers in muscle cells. |
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| In amoeba movement, cellular extensions created by microfilaments. |
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| More permanent than microtubules and microfilaments. Intermediate in diameter. Made of keratin proteins. Important in fixing the position of certain organelles. |
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| In plants for protection, support and prevention of excessive water uptake. Usually made up of a primary wall, middle lamella and secondary wall. Much thicker than plasma membrane. Made of cellulose. |
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| Secreted first by young plant cells. Thinner and more flexible than a mature cells wall. |
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| Between primary walls of adjacent cells. A thin layer, rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins. Glues adjacent cells together. |
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| The sticky polysaccharides which glue adjacent plant cells together. |
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| Between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall. Deposited in several layers. For structure and support. Wood is an example. Has channels for communication. |
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| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) |
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Definition
| In animal cells, made of glycoproteins secreted by the cells. Most abundant is collagen. Also has a network woven from proteoglycans. Some cells have fibronectins and integrins also. ECM is thought to regulate several kinds of cellular behavior. |
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| The most abundant protein in the human body. Part of the extracellular matrix. Made up of glycoproteins. Forms strong fibers outside the cell membrane. |
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| Like collagen, made of glycoproteins. A small core protein with many, covalently bonded, carbohydrate chains. Forms large complexes when hundreds are attached to a single long polysaccharide molecule. |
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| Also glycoproteins. Bind to cell surface reseptor proteins which are built into the plasma membrane. |
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| Cell surface receptor proteins which are built into the plasma membrane. Transmit changes between the ECM and the cytoskeleton. |
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| Channels in the cell walls of plants. Connects the chemical environments of adjacent cells. Allow passage of cytosol and small molecules between cells. Sometimes even small proteins and RNA are flowing between cells. |
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| In animal cells. the membranes of adjacent cells are pressed very tightly together, forms continuous seal around cells to prevent leakage of extracellular fluid. Ex: epithelial (skin) cells |
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| Also called anchoring cells, function like rivets, fastening adjacent cells together in strong sheets. Held in place by intermediate filaments made of keratin protein. |
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| In animal cells. Also called communicating junctions. Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another, adjacent, cell.Special membrane proteins with a pore thru which can pass ions, sugars, amino acids and other small molecules. Necessary for communication between cells in tissue. |
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