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| interest groups organize citizens, who act to influence policymakers |
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| direct contact with policymakers in order to persuade by sharing of info |
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| use of courts to gain policy preferences by case/amicus curiae |
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| NOT from political party; individuals/interest groups send own opinion to court for a case |
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| civil-service employees; based on merit/experience/qualifications and/or testing |
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| divides the power between the national and state governments |
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| prevents establishing national religion and disallows preferential treatment toward a certain religion; 1st Amendment |
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| government may not restrict citizens' free exercise of their own religious beliefs |
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| Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971); government must not become "excessively entangled" with religion, must stay secular; 1st amendment |
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| national definition of citizenship that states cannot violate; limits state gov |
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| prohibits states from denying Bill of Rights provisions to citizens; through 14th amendment |
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| majority Congress members can redraw district lines in order to benefit them in voting |
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| existing holder of a political party; tends to have an advantage in election against other runner |
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| the judiciary branch as the power to check the constitutionality of legislative/executive actions; not in the Constitution |
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| mandated direct election of U.S. Senators |
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| citizens under the national government first; see 'Citizenship Clause' |
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| a tool Senators use to stall while a bill is on the floor; House of Reps CANNOT do this |
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| permanent; legislative oversight; investigative power |
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| temporary; for a specific purpose |
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| consists of both the House and Senate |
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| temporary; consists of both House and Senate; used to work out differences in a bill passed by both of them |
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| Marbury v. Madison (1803) |
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| established judicial review; gave power to judicial branch |
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| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) |
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| established national supremacy through taxing powers |
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| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
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| established the idea of "separate but equal" |
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| Gitlow v. New York (1925) |
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| precedent of applying Bill of Rights to the states; freedom of speech |
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| Brown v. Board of Education |
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| school segregation now considered unconstitutional; overturns Plessy v. Ferguson |
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| establishes the idea of "one man, one vote," legislative districts should be near equal in size |
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| Miranda v. Arizona (1966) |
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| the right to remain silent |
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| established national abortion guidelines |
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| legislatures can limit contributions, but not how much one spends of his own money on campaigns; campaign spending protected under 1st amendment |
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| maintains control of the House floor |
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| nondiscretionary spending; not controlled by annual budget decisions |
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| increased interparty differences |
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| an office holder's term is coming to an end |
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| involves taxing/spending and the budget |
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| reserves powers to the states and the people |
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