Term
| formula for creatine clearance? |
|
Definition
| (140-age/serum Cr x 72) x 0.85 in females x IBW |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 considerations for antimicrobial therapy? |
|
Definition
1) the organism and it's drug susceptibility
2) type of infection
3) Host factors
4) Antimicrobial agents (route, dose, etc)
5) public health considerations |
|
|
Term
| if immunosupressed what should be the approach to antibiotic therapy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which drugs are directly toxic to the kidneys? (3) |
|
Definition
1) aminoglycosides
2) polymyxins
3) amphotericin B |
|
|
Term
| What can chloramphenicol cause? |
|
Definition
| bone marrow supression - aplastic anemia |
|
|
Term
ototoxicity is caused by what drug?
auditory neurotoxicity is caused by what drug? |
|
Definition
ototoxicity - aminoglycosides
auditory neurotoxicity - vancomycin |
|
|
Term
| Which two antibiotics can cause seizures? |
|
Definition
penicillins in large doses
ofloxacin |
|
|
Term
| peripheral neuropathy can be caused by what 2 meds? |
|
Definition
| trimethoprim or isoniazid |
|
|
Term
| What drugs cause liver toxicity? |
|
Definition
TB meds
Tetracyclines - fatty liver
High doese B-lactam - hepatitis/choestasis |
|
|
Term
| Which two classes cause prolonged QT syndrome and V tach? |
|
Definition
| Erythromycin and macrolides |
|
|
Term
| Pencillins work how and what is the most common side effects? |
|
Definition
work by impairing cell wall synthesis
SE-hypersensitivity and GI rxns |
|
|
Term
| What is a penicllinase-resistant penicillin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some penicillinase-susceptible broad-spectrum 2nd generation penicillins? |
|
Definition
| Ampicillin and amoxicillin |
|
|
Term
| 3rd generation extended spectrum carboxpenicillins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| extended spectrum acylaminopencillins - 4th generation |
|
Definition
mezlocillin, piperacillin, and azlocillin
*increased anerobe susceptibility - B. fragilis |
|
|
Term
| What is a B-lactamase inhibitor combo that is effective for upper/lower respiratory infections, UTIs, and Human/animal bites? |
|
Definition
| Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid - Augmentin |
|
|
Term
| Which B-lactamase combo is good for GYN and intra-abdominal infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cephalosporins are what type of antibiotics and how do they work? |
|
Definition
| B-lactam antibiotics, they inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis |
|
|
Term
| cephalosporins and surgical prophylaxis? |
|
Definition
| use 1st generation accept for colorectal and abdominal operations - use 3rd generation (cefoxitin, cefotetan, or cefmetazole)) |
|
|
Term
| Meningitis and Gonorrhea should be treated with what cephalosporin? |
|
Definition
| 3rd generation ceftriaxone |
|
|
Term
| MOA of carbapenems and examples |
|
Definition
MOA-bactericidal and inhibit cell wall synthesis - covers gram negative and positive
Imipenem, Ertapenem, meropenem |
|
|
Term
| aztreonam is effective against what? |
|
Definition
A monobactam that is effective against aerobic gram negative bacteria
* does not cross react w/other penicllin/b-lactams |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common reaction with B-lactams |
|
Definition
| hypersensitivity - rash, fever |
|
|
Term
1) Aminoglycosides work how?
2) effective against what?
3) what do they penetrate?
4) Example? |
|
Definition
1) 30S ribosomal subunitof bacteria
2) gram-negative bacilli
3) synovial fluid and ascitic
4) Gentamicin |
|
|
Term
| What is spectrum of tetracyclines and what is the feared SE? |
|
Definition
| broad spectrum (gram negative and positive), permanent discoloration of teeth |
|
|
Term
| Tigecycline a glycycycline is effective against what and used for what? |
|
Definition
effective against gram neg, gram pos, and anaerobic infections.
Used for complicated abdominal and skin infections |
|
|
Term
| Which macrolide is an effective alternative to penicillins and is active against legionella, mycoplasm, and chylamida? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which macrolide has the same spectrum as erythromycin but w/less SE? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which macrolide has a prolonged duration in tissue of 4-7 days? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which AB has good anerobic coverage for GI tract/genital tract infections? |
|
Definition
| Clindamycin - also good for aspiration pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| What is a complication of clindamycin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main reason chloramphenicol is rarely used? |
|
Definition
| occurences of aplastic anemia |
|
|
Term
| Which drugs are effective against vancomycin-resistant enterococci? |
|
Definition
| chloramphenicol, Streptogramins, and linezolid is the drug of choice |
|
|
Term
| What AB is bacteriocidal against gram pos. bacteria and is the drug of choice for MRSA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| trimethorprim sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice for what? |
|
Definition
prevention/treatment of P. jiroveci pneumonia and nocardiosis
*also AOM in children and uncomplicated UTIs |
|
|
Term
| What drug is used to treat pseudomembranous colitis caused by C. diff? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quinolones are effective against what? |
|
Definition
| most enteric gram-negative bacilli |
|
|
Term
| What is the drug of choice against B. anthracis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nitrofurantin should only be used for what? |
|
Definition
| treatment/prevention of uncomplicated UTIs |
|
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