Term
| Narrow spectrum penicillin for Strep. pneumoniae. Destroyed by stomach acid |
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Definition
| Pen G (phenoxy-methyl penicillin) |
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|
Term
| Broad spectrum penicillin given with a beta-lactamase inhibitor. Good for S. pneumo, H. influenza, E. coli |
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Definition
| Augmentin (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid). |
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|
Term
| Anti-staph penicillin. Risk of hepatitis |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Extended spectrum, good for P. aeruginosa. (BLI's not effective vs. P. aeuruginosa) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Three side effects of penicillins |
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Definition
| Side effects include seizures at high levels, C. difficile overgrowth, and hypersensitivity |
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Term
| Drug of choice for Syphillis |
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Definition
| Penicillin is the drug of choice for this STI |
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|
Term
| Generation of cephalosporins uses for anaerobic infections? |
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Definition
| 2nd generation cephalosporins |
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|
Term
| Third generation cephalosporin, good against P. aeruginosa |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This class may cause bleeding- should be given with vitamin K |
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Definition
| Cephalosporins should be given with this supplement |
|
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Term
| Which generation of cephalosporins can cross the Blood Brain Barrier? Also, very broad spectrum |
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Definition
| 3rd generation cephalosporins |
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Term
| These inhibit protein synthesis by binding the 50s subunit, and are effective against mycoplasma. Resistance is usually due to efflux pumps or changes to binding site. |
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Definition
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Term
| Macrolide that is good for Strep. pneumo, and has risk of hepato-toxicity |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Can cause skeletal muscle damage when combined with a statin |
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Definition
| Side effect of Clarithromycin + statin |
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|
Term
| These macrolides are good against Chlamydia |
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Definition
| Azithromycin and erythromycin are good against this STI |
|
|
Term
| All macrolides are metabolized in the liver except: |
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Definition
| Azithromycin is the only macrolide not metabolized here |
|
|
Term
| These drugs bind the 30s ribosomal subunit and should not be taken with divalent cations (ex. calcium), which inhibit their absorption |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Side effects or contraindications of Tetracycline |
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Definition
| Photosensitivity, teeth discoloration, and steatosis in pregnant women |
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|
Term
| This drug, which binds the 30s subunit, should not be given with a penicillin (antagonistic effect) |
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Definition
| Tetracylin should not be given with this antagonistic antimicrobial |
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|
Term
| Name two drugs which are good for chlamidya |
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Definition
| Tetracyclines and Macrolides are good for this STI |
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Term
| Resistance to tetracyclines is due to: |
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Definition
| Resistance due to efflux and alteration of porins for this 30s subunit binding antimicrobial |
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Term
| This glycopeptide binds to cell wall proteins, and is good against G + cocci (S. aureus, streptococci, enterococci). It is also active against C. difficile. |
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Definition
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Term
| Side effects of Vancomycin? (a parenteral only drug) |
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Definition
| Side effects include ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and Red Man syndrome (flushing, pruritis, due to histamine release) |
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|
Term
| This drug inhibits protein synthesis by blocking tRNA binding. Good for G+ cocci and anaerobes. Can inhibit toxin formation by group A strep. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Clindamycin can lead to diarrhea due to: |
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Definition
| C. difficile overgrowth is a problem with this antimicrobial, which also inhibits toxin formation by S. pyogenes |
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Term
| This drug inhibits protein synthesis and is good against G+ cocci, including MRSA and VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococcus). It is a weak MAO inhibitor and should not be given w/ anti-depressants. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Side effects of Linezolid? |
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Definition
| Side effects include thrombocytopenia and peripheral neuropathy with long term use. Good against MRSA. |
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Term
| This drug is a lipopeptide. Good against G+ cocci, MRSA, VRE. Given IV only. May cause muscle pain/weakness. |
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Definition
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Term
| This drug has high affinity for PBP's, and is resistant to many beta-lactamases. Can cause seizures at high doses (like penicillins). Dose should be decreased w/ renal insufficiency |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is given with cilastatin to prevent breakdown by the body |
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Definition
| Imipenem is always given with this |
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|
Term
| Good against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Goes to CSF. Can cause pancreatitis, and reacts badly with alcohol, warfarin and phenytoin (due to hepatic metabolism) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Systemic azole good for yeasts (C. albicans) but not molds (aspergillus). Goes to CSF. Can cause rashes and hepatitis. |
|
Definition
| Fluconazole, an ergosterol synthesis inhibitor |
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|
Term
| Echinocandin that inhibits B-glucan synthesis. Good against aspergillus and even fluconazole resistant C. albicans |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Rifampin, phenytoin and efavirenze can reduce levels of this anti-fungal drug by increasing its metabolism |
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Definition
| Caspofungin metabolism is enhanced by these drugs |
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|
Term
| This antifungal can cause phlebitis (venous inflammation), rash, fever and hepatitis |
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Definition
| Caspofungin has these adverse effects |
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|
Term
| Binds ergosterol in fungal cell membrane. Very broad spectrum (less active against Aspergillus). Extensive hepatic metabolism, and causes nephrotoxicity, hypokalemia. |
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Definition
| Amphotericin B deoxycholate (given IV only) |
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|
Term
| This systemic azole, good against C. albicans and aspergillus, is almost entirely metabolized by the liver. It reacts w/ warfarin and phenytoin, and can caused blurred vision and photophobia |
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Definition
| Voriconazole (some risk of hepatotoxicity) |
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Term
| The lipid formulation of this drug increases its broad spectrum anti-fungal activity to include invasive aspergillosis, and decreases its nephrotoxicity. Still has liver toxicity. |
|
Definition
| Amphotericin B lipid formulations |
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|
Term
| This systemic azole does not enter the CSF, is good against aspergillosis and C. albicans, is only taken orally and has significant drug-drug interactions. May cause hepatitis, hypokalemia and hypertension. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Inhibits replication of influenza A (not B) by blocking M2 ion channel function. Renally excreted and teratogenic. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Neuraminidase inhibitor (prevents virus release from infected cells) good against influenza A & B. Resistance from mutations in viral neuraminidase is common. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Guanosine analog that is phosphorylated by viral Thymidine Kinase (TK). Changes to TK confer resistance. For HSV and VZV. Safe in pregnancy, can cause renal insufficiency |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Given with chloroquine or quinine, this antibiotic is very effective against malaria, especially in children or pregnant women. Side effects include membranous colitis due to C. difficile overgrowth. |
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Definition
| Clindamycin can be used for this tropical parasite |
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|
Term
| Rifampin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin, Pyrazinamide, Isoniazid --> treatments for which disease? |
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Definition
| What are the RESPIre drugs used for tuberculosis |
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|
Term
| Clindamycin above the diaphragm and Metronidazole below the diaphragm for this type of bacteria |
|
Definition
| Anaerobic infections above the diaphragm are treated with one drug, and below the diaphragm are treated with another |
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|
Term
| This drug can cause kernicterus (bilirubin poisoning) in neonates when given to pregnant mothers, and it can cause hemolytic anemia in people with G6PD deficiency |
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Definition
| Sulfamethoxazole is contraindicated in these two populations |
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|
Term
| A PABA analog, used to treat UTI's and unusual organisms like toxoplasmosis, Nocardia and Pneumocystis jirovecii |
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Definition
| Sulfamethoxazole (given with trimethoprim for synergistic action) |
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|
Term
| Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Can cause megaloblastic anemia (supplement with folinic acid to prevent this). For UTI's |
|
Definition
| Trimethoprim (given with Sulfamethoxazole) |
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|
Term
| This drug is only approved for E. coli and Staph saprophyticus UTIs. |
|
Definition
| Nitrofurantoin is only approved for UTIs caused by these two organisms |
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|
Term
| This drug is metabolized and activated by bacteria. It alters DNA so that it cannot be used for replication. Bacteriocidal for G- bacilli. |
|
Definition
| Mechanism and spectrum of Nitrofurantoin |
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|
Term
| Contraindicated in neonates. Can cause pulmonary fibrosis and turns urine brown. |
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Definition
| Contraindications and side effects of Nitrofurantoin |
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|
Term
| Blocks bacterial gyrases/ topoisomerases. Good for G- bacilli (not anaerobes though), including mycobacteria, H. infleunza, S. pneumo and Chlamydia (i.e. respiratory and UTI uses) |
|
Definition
| Mechanism and spectrum of Fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin) |
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Term
| Can damage cartilage (don't give to kids) and cause CNS excitement. Risk of tendon rupture, and may cause nausea if taken with coffee. Inactivated by divalent metal cations (ex. iron, calcium) |
|
Definition
| Side effects of Fluoroquinolones |
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|
Term
| Good for UTIs and aerobic G- bacilli. Inhibit protein synthesis by binding 30s subunit. |
|
Definition
| Mechanism and spectrum of the Aminoglycosides (gentamycin, Tobramycin) |
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|
Term
| Nephrotoxic, ototoxic, compounds effects of curare (blocks NMJ). Maintain hydration to limit toxicity. Can incite biofilms at low doses. |
|
Definition
| Side effects of Aminoglycosides (gentamycin, tobramycin) |
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|
Term
| Treat this G+ cocci with Vancomycin or Linezolid. Maybe Clindomycin. |
|
Definition
| Use these to treat Staphylococcus aureus |
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|
Term
| Treat this G+ cocci with penicillin (otherwise you risk post-infection sequelae). Macrolides or tetracycline may also be used. |
|
Definition
| Treat Strep. pyogenes (GAS) with penicillin |
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|
Term
| Treat this oxidase negative G+ cocci with Pen G, or erythromycin/ vancomycin if resistant. |
|
Definition
| Use these to treat Pneumococcus |
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|
Term
| This intracellular pathogen must be treated with macrolides or fluoroquinolones, NOT penicillin |
|
Definition
| Treatment for Legionella pneumophila |
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|
Term
| Treatment for this spirochete includes Tetracyclines or Cephalosporins (macrolides for pregnant women) |
|
Definition
| Treatments for Borrelia burgdorferi |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of this spirochete, which crosses the placenta at 4 months, is penicillin. Treatment can result in an acute hypersensitivity reaction. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This obligate intracellular pathogen must be treated with Tetracyclines (or macrolides/fluoroquinolones), and NOT with penicillin |
|
Definition
| Treatment for Chlamydia trachomatis |
|
|
Term
| The 2nd leading STI in the USA can be treated with Amoxicillin, Cephalosporins or Flouroquinolones |
|
Definition
| Treatment for Neisseria gonorrhea |
|
|
Term
| Treat this G- rod with Piperacillin or Ceftazidime |
|
Definition
| Treatment for P. aeurinosa |
|
|
Term
| This pleiomorphic G- rod, which grows on chocolate agar, can be treated with Cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones, but not penicillins. |
|
Definition
| Treatment for H. influenzae |
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|
Term
| This bacteria, which causes woolsorter's disease, should be treated with IV penicillin or other B-lactams |
|
Definition
| Treatment for Bacillus anthracis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) for HIV. Cytidine analog |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV, thymidine analog |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Cytidine analog, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Binds the non-active site of the Reverse Transcriptase enzyme |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Binds the non-active site of the Reverse Transcriptase enzyme |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HIV protease inhibitor. Risk of drug-drug interactions, lipid abnormalities |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| HIV protease inhibitor. Risk of drug-drug interactions, lipid abnormalities |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| HIV fusion inhibitor (blocks binding to CD4 cells). Can cause eosinophelia |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| HIV fusion inhibitor. Works on CCR5 receptor but not CXCR4 receptor. May cause hepatitis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| HIV integrase inhibitor (blocks integration of HIV genes into host genome). Combine with NRTI's. |
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|
Term
| This is the drug of choice for gonococcal urethritis |
|
Definition
| Ceftriaxone or Cefotaxime (3rd Gen. cephalosporin) is the drug of choice for this disease |
|
|
Term
| This is the drug of choice for non-gonococcal urethritis |
|
Definition
| Azithromycin (a macrolide) is the drug of choice for this disease |
|
|
Term
| These are the drugs of choice for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease |
|
Definition
| Cefoxitin with Doxycycline are the drugs of choice for this disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A penicillinase resistant penicillin |
|
|
Term
| This cephalosporin is commonly used for anaerobic infections |
|
Definition
| Cefoxitin (also commonly used with Doxycycline for PID). |
|
|
Term
| Bacteriocidal effect of this antibiotic is enhanced if used with an aminoglycoside |
|
Definition
| Penicillin (e.g. amoxicillin) efficacy is enhanced when used with this class of antibiotic |
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|
Term
| Staph. aureus virulence factors |
|
Definition
| Virulence factors include Protein A (bind Fc portion of Ig), exfoliating toxins, TSST-1, staphylokinase, P-V leukocidin, and B-hemolysin. |
|
|
Term
| Strep. pyogenes (Group A Strep) |
|
Definition
| This bacitracin sensitive organism has M protein, Proteins F & G, C5a peptidase, streptolysin O and pyrogenic exotoxins which are associated with necrotising fasciitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This oxidase (-), optochin sensative organism is protected by a capsule, has pneumolysin (not secreted), and sIgA protease. Treat with Pen G. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This obligate aerobe grows on buffered charcoal yeast extract, invades macrophages, has a type IV pili and type III secretion, and is capable of organelle trafficking. Treat with macrolides or flouroquinolones, not penicillins. |
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|
Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
Definition
| This organism binds C3b receptors on macrophages, has mycolic acid in the cell wall, and inhibits phago-lysosome fusion. Treat with RESPIre drugs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This spirochete crosses the placenta at 4 months, causes a painless lesion at site of entry, loves vasculature, and has no known toxins. Treatment with penicillin can result in systemic reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This organism can cause Bell's palsy, arthritis, cardiac block and erythema migrans. Is iron abstinent and does not perform the TCA cycle. Treat with tetracycline/cephalosporin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This obligate intracellular pathogen does not have LPS and is insensitive to penicillin. No reliable immunity is formed to this pathogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This pathogen targets epithelial cells and PMNs, grows on Thayer-Martin agar and has LOS. Can be treated with penicillins. |
|
|
Term
| E. coli (UPEC = uropathogenic E. coli) |
|
Definition
| This pathogen causes many UTI's and can ascend to the kidneys using a type I pili for adhesion. Contains hemolysin toxin and cytotoxic necrotizing factor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This G- aerobe has 3 main virulence factors, exotoxin A (an ADP-ribose transferase), exoenzyme S and elastase. It should be treated with ceftazidime or Piperacillin |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcus epidermidis |
|
Definition
| This G+ pathogen likes prosthetic heart valves and can cause endocarditis. It is a normal human flora and has a slime layer and forms biofilms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This G- pleomorphic rod grows in chocolate agar (it needs factors X and V). It colonizes the URT and must have a capsule to cause disease. It has IgA protease and can be treated with cephalosporins or flouroquinolones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This spore forming G+ rod is aerobic and has a polypeptide capsule. It's tirpartite exotoxins are made of PF, EF and LF. Causes widening of the mediastinum. Treat it with IV penicillins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This virus causes both chickenpox and shingles, and should be treated with acyclovir. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This yeast grows hyphae when pathogenic and is common in the mucosa of AIDS patients. It can also cause endocarditis, or cerebromeningeal infections. Treat with topical fluconazole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This fungi grows septate hyphae with dichotomous branches at acute angles. Often occurs during sever neutropenia, in leukemia or transplant patients. Aflatoxin from stored nuts/grains can be a problem too. There is often an IgE mediated immune reaction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This organism reproduces in RBCs and the liver, and causes paroxsysms, anemia, and may cause cerebral infarcts. Treat with quinine or malarone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This virus is extinct in the wild, but caused a vesicular rash that spread to the palms and soles. |
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