Term
| is an inflammation always an infection? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is an there always inflammation in an infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation |
|
Definition
| heat, redness, edema, pain and loss of function |
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Term
| what are some of the chemical mediators? |
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Definition
| histamines, kinins and prostaglandins |
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Term
| what is the first chemical mediator of inflammation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are cyclo-oxygenase enzymes? |
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Definition
| they convert arachidonic acid into prostaglandins |
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Term
| what are the antiinflammatory drug groups? |
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Definition
| nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and antigout drugs |
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Term
|
Definition
they Inhibit biosynthesis of prostaglandins
Analgesic effect
Antipyretic effect
Inhibit platelet aggregation
Mimic effects of corticosteroids |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibit COX enzyme and inhibit prostaglandin synthesis |
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Term
| what are NSAIDs used for? |
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Definition
| they are used to reduce inflammation and pain. they are not recommended for fever or headaches |
|
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Term
| what are first-generation NSAIDs? |
|
Definition
salicylates (aspirin), Parachlorobenzoic acid
Pyrazolone derivatives
Propionic acid derivatives
Fenamates
Oxicams
Phenylacetic acid derivatives |
|
|
Term
| what is the perferred drug for gout? |
|
Definition
| indomethacin (indocin) a para-cholorbenzoic acid |
|
|
Term
| what are second-generation NSAIDs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the action of aspirin and what group of first generation NSAIDs does it belong to? |
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Definition
| it is aan acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and its actions are antiinflammatory, antiplatelet and tipyretic effects |
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|
Term
| what is the therapeutic serum salicylate leve.? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a toxic serum salicylate level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the first sign of ASA overdose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the chemical name of ASA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there a risk of GI bleeding with ASA and NSAIDs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what levels do you check on PT and INR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the drug interactions with salicylates? |
|
Definition
| Increase anticoagulation, hypoglycemia, increase gastric ulcer risk with glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| what are some lab results that you can look for with salicylates? |
|
Definition
Increase PT, bleeding time, INR, uric acid
Decrease potassium, cholesterol, T3 and T4 levels |
|
|
Term
| what are some foods that contain salicylates? |
|
Definition
| prunes, raisings, licorice, and certain spices (paprika) |
|
|
Term
| what do pregnant woman usually take ASA for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are caustions with aspirin? |
|
Definition
Do not take with other NSAIDs
Avoid during third trimester of pregnancy
Do not give to children with flu or virus symptoms (Reye’s sydrome) |
|
|
Term
| what are some side effects/adverse reactions with salicylates? |
|
Definition
Tinnitus, peptic ulcer
Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis
Hepatotoxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ASA sensitivity
polyps in the nose and asthma |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of propionic acid derivatives? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is a nonselective COX inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the drug interactions of iburprofen? |
|
Definition
| increases effects of warfarin and phenytoin |
|
|
Term
| what are side effects of ibuprofens? |
|
Definition
| GI diestress (take with food) |
|
|
Term
| what is another example of a propionic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the action of COS-2 inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| selectively inhibits COX-2 enzyme without inhibition of COX-1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreases inflammation and pain |
|
|
Term
| what drug should be avoided with liver pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what drug should be avoided with liver problems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some drug agents of COX-2 inhibitors? |
|
Definition
| celecoxib (celebrex), nabumetone (relafen) and meloxicam (mobic) |
|
|
Term
| what is celebrex used for? |
|
Definition
| rheumatoid arthritis and for people who can't use ibuprofen |
|
|
Term
| what are some side effects of COX-2 inhibitorss? |
|
Definition
Mild: headache, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, sinusitis, peripheral edema
Assess renal function and GI status |
|
|
Term
| what are DMA drugs used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what types of DMAs are there? |
|
Definition
Gold drug therapy (chrysotherapy)
Immunosuppressive agents
Immunomodulators
Antimalarials |
|
|
Term
| what are is a gold drug therapy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the action of gold drug therapy? |
|
Definition
Decreases leukocytes migration
Suppresses prostaglandin activity
Stops progression of joint degeneration |
|
|
Term
| what is gold drug therpay used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are side effects/adverse reactions with gold drug therapy? |
|
Definition
tomatitis, photosensitivity, metallic taste, severe rash
Corneal gold deposits, bradycardia, profound hypotension
Hematuria, proteinuria
Nephrotoxicity, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Term
| what are some contraindications with gold drug therapy? |
|
Definition
Severe renal or hepatic disease
Pregnancy, blood dyscrasias, colitis
Systemic lupus erythematosus |
|
|
Term
| when do you use immunomodulators? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are immunomodulators? |
|
Definition
| Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blockers |
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of immunomodulators |
|
Definition
Entanercept (Enbrel)
Infliximab (Remicade)
Adalimumab (Humira) |
|
|
Term
| what are the actions of immunomodulators? |
|
Definition
Neutralize TNF
Disrupt inflammatory process
Delay disease progression
Used for rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
Term
| what are side effects/adverse reactions with the immunomodulators infliximab (remicade)? |
|
Definition
Headache, dizziness, chills, hot flashes, depression, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urinary frequency
Hypotension, hypertension, altered liver enzymes, severe infections |
|
|
Term
| what are condraindicaitons with immunomodulators? |
|
Definition
Renal or hepatic disease
Immunosuppression, infection |
|
|
Term
| what are the different types of gout? |
|
Definition
| uric acid crystals gout and psuedo gout |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inflammatory disease of joints, tendons
Usually occurs in great toe
Defect in purine metabolism leads to uric acid accumulation
Purine-containing foods: salmon, liver, sardines |
|
|
Term
| what are some antigout drugs? |
|
Definition
Colchicine
Uric acid inhibitors
Uricosurics |
|
|
Term
| what does colchine (antigout drug) do? |
|
Definition
| inhibits migration of leukocytes to inflammed site |
|
|
Term
| what are the side effects of antigout drugs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| should antigout be taken with food or without food? |
|
Definition
| with food to avoid GI distress |
|
|
Term
| what are some contraindications with colchicine? |
|
Definition
| Severe renal, cardiac, or GI problem |
|
|
Term
| what does allopurinol (zyloprim) do? |
|
Definition
Decreases uric acid levels
Prophylactic to prevent gout attacks |
|
|
Term
| what are nursing interventions with allopurinol (zyloprim)? |
|
Definition
Monitor CBC, liver enzymes, renal function
Yearly eye exams for visual changes
Client to avoid alcohol, caffeine, and thiazide diuretics that increase uric acid level
Increase fluid intake to increase uric acid excretion |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of probenecid (benemid)? |
|
Definition
| Blocks reabsorption of uric acid and increases uric acid excretion |
|
|
Term
| what are the side effects of probenecid (benemid)? |
|
Definition
| Gastric irritation; take with food |
|
|
Term
| what are nursing interventions for probenecid (benemid)? |
|
Definition
Not to be given with other highly protein-bound drugs
Increase fluid intake to increase uric acid excretion |
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